A case-control study of factors associated with pelvic and tibial stress fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses in training in the UK

Stroke is a major cause of disability worldwide, and balance impairments are common disabling factors in patients with stroke, leading to falls. Thus, the study objectives were as follows: (i) To find the prevalence of balance impairment among patients with stroke. (ii) To find out the factors associated with balance impairment in patients with stroke. This cross-sectional retrospective case control study involved eighty-one post stroke patients with a mean age of 58.36 ± 14.06, recruited from six hospitals, who underwent an assessment of balance, walking speed, depression and isometric strength of the ankle and knee. These patients were later categorized into subjects with good balance (<45) in the Berg balance scale (BBS) and those with poor balance (≥45), as cases and controls, to assess the factors associated with balance impairment using binary logistic regression. The prevalence of balance impairment among patients with stroke was 48.1%. The reduction in power of knee flexors (OR = 0.858), knee extensors (OR = 0.880) and ankle dorsiflexors (OR = 0.820) was found to be significantly associated with balance impairment, along with speed (OR = 1.187 (95% CI = 1.100, 1.280)), depression (OR = 1.331 (95% CI = 1.055–1.679)) and activities of daily living (OR = 0.313 (95% CI = 0.150–0.650)). In summary, around half of the patients with stroke exhibited balance impairments, with females being more prone.

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Effects of sagging breasts and other risk factors associated with mastalgia: a case–control study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82099-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bülent Çomçalı ◽

Servet Kocaoz ◽

Buket Altun Özdemir ◽

Ömer Parlak ◽

Birol Korukluoğlu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Coffee Consumption ◽

Educational Status ◽

Case Control ◽

Tea Consumption ◽

Drinking Alcohol ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Control Study

AbstractThe aim of this study is to compare patients with and without mastalgia and to analyze the factors affecting mastalgia and its severity. The patient’s age, height, weight, educational status, marital status, and occupation were recorded in all subjects. In addition, the women were asked about the presence of any risk factors for mastalgia, such as tea and coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, and weight gain. The sternal notch to nipple distance (SNND) was measured to determine whether there was breast sagging. Mastalgia was significantly more common in women with BMIs of > 30 kg/m2 (OR: 2.94, CI 1.65–5.24), those who were primary school graduates or illiterate (OR: 2.96, CI 1.6–5.46), and those with SNND values of 22–25 cm (OR: 2.94, CI 1.79–4.82). In these women, drinking more than 6 cups of tea a day (OR: 2.15, CI 1.32–3.5), smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day (OR: 2.94, CI 1.78–4.83), and drinking alcohol at least once a week (OR: 2.1, CI 1.12–3.91) were found to be important factors that increased the risk of mastalgia. As a result, it has been found that severe mastalgia complaints cause by obesity, sagging breasts, never giving birth, unemployment anxiety, regular smoking, alcohol use, and excessive tea consumption.

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Factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Bhutan: A nationwide case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0236250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. e0236250

Author(s):

Chador Tenzin ◽

Natkamol Chansatitporn ◽

Tashi Dendup ◽

Tandin Dorji ◽

Karma Lhazeen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Case Control ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Mdr Tb ◽

Control Study

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Invasive pneumococcal disease: epidemiology in children and adults prior to implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Oxfordshire region, England

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.47690-0 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 480-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Dona Foster ◽

Kyle Knox ◽

A. S. Walker ◽

D. T. Griffiths ◽

Hazel Moore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽

Matched Case ◽

The Uk ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

A 10-year invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) enhanced surveillance project in the Oxfordshire region of the UK between 1996 and 2005 identified a total of 2691 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from all ages that provided a comprehensive description of pneumococcal epidemiology. All isolates were serotyped and those from children under 5 years of age were genotyped and a matched case–control study using adults hospitalized between 1995 and 2000 was performed to estimate the effectiveness of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the local population. Fifty-one serotypes were isolated, with different age distributions. The overall incidence of IPD was 9.2 cases per 100 000 population per annum [95 % confidence interval (CI), 8.6–9.9] and that of meningitis was 0.7 per 100 000 population per annum (95 % CI 0.5–0.9). After adjusting for age, serotype 1 was found to be less likely to be associated with meningitis versus other IPD, compared with the most common serotype 14, whereas serotype 12F was more likely to cause meningitis than other IPD. There were significant temporal changes in IPD incidence of four serotypes, with decreases in serotypes 1, 12F and 14 and increases in serotype 8. A possible novel variant (from serotype 6A to 6B) was found using multilocus sequence typing analysis. From the matched case–control study of adults, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be 43 % (2–68 %), which did not change significantly after adjustment for pre-existing co-morbidities. The data provide a baseline against which the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in the UK in 2006 could be measured.

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A Case Control Study on Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight Babies in Eastern Nepal

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2015/807373 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ravi Kumar Bhaskar ◽

Krishna Kumar Deo ◽

Uttam Neupane ◽

Subhadra Chaudhary Bhaskar ◽

Birendra Kumar Yadav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Case Control ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Control Study

Background. This study was done to assess the maternal and sociodemographic factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) babies.Methods. An unmatched case control study was done involving 159 cases (mothers having LBW singleton babies) and 159 controls (mothers having normal birth weight singleton babies).Results. More than 50% of LBW babies were from the mothers with height ≤145 cm while only 9.43% of NBW babies were from the mothers with that height. Finally, after multivariate logistic regression analysis, maternal height, time of first antenatal care (ANC) visit, number of ANC visits, iron supplementation, calcium supplementation, maternal education, any illness during pregnancy, and hypertension were found as the significant predictors of LBW. However, maternal blood group AB, normal maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), mother’s age of 30 or more years, and starting ANC visit earlier were found to be protective for LBW.Conclusion. Study findings suggest that selectively targeted interventions such as delay age at first pregnancy, improving maternal education and nutrition, and iron and calcium supplementation can prevent LBW in Nepal.

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