A characterization of the Brazilian market of reverse logistic credits (RLC) and an analogy with the existing carbon credit market

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathália Caiado ◽  
Patricia Guarnieri ◽  
Lúcia Helena Xavier ◽  
Gisele de Lorena Diniz Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Credit Market ◽  
Carbon Credit ◽  
Reverse Logistic

scholarly journals Carbon Credit Market in India: An Empirical Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2(2)) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Namita Rajput ◽  
Ashwani Varshney ◽  
Parul Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Carbon Credit

scholarly journals Application of a methodology to design a municipal waste pre-collection network in real scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
Antonella Cavallin ◽  
Diego Gabriel Rossit ◽  
Victoria Herrán Symonds ◽  
Daniel Alejandro Rossit ◽  
Mariano Frutos
Keyword(s):  
Generation Rate ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Integer Optimization ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Reverse Logistic ◽  
Waste Generation Rate ◽  
Final Optimization ◽  
Mixed Integer Optimization Model

The design of efficient municipal solid waste (MSW) pre-collection networks can contribute to the global efficiency and sustainability of the reverse logistic chain of MSW in modern cities. With this aim, in this paper a comprehensive methodology that involves making decisions in several stages, from waste fraction classification to the final optimization of waste bins’ location, was applied in two real cases of the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina. This city, does not have much available data about waste generation and, therefore, an important fieldwork had to be performed for applying this methodology, involving estimating population density per block and waste generation rate per inhabitant, identifying the location of commercial and institutional buildings and also estimating its generation rate, as well as performing a characterization of the MSW from similar studies in the literature and surveys performed to make decisions. The modelling of the urban characteristics was performed in a geographic information system. In the bins’ location problem, a mixed-integer optimization model was applied, seeking to minimize the investment costs, given the maximum area available and the capacity of the bins. Different scenarios were analysed, considering different collection frequencies and the maximum distance to be travelled by the user.

scholarly journals O mercado de créditos de carbono e a possibilidade de fomento mediante incentivos fiscais

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-128
Author(s):  
André Parmo Folloni ◽  
Vitor JoséBorghi
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Clean Development Mechanism ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Carbon Credits ◽  
Carbon Credit ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Development Mechanism

Resumo: O artigo examina a possibilidade de fomentar o mercado de créditos de carbono por meio de iniciativas do poder público, em especial, pela concessão de incentivos fiscais. Para tanto, trata do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e do contexto em que foi criado, elucidando a estrutura e requisitos de um projeto de MDL. Dá-se enfoque aos aspectos tributários do mercado de crédito de carbono, analisando sua natureza jurídica de bem intangível, sua transferência de titularidade por cessão e os tributos potencialmente aplicáveis às transferências onerosas de créditos de carbono. Por fim, examina os elementos do Direito Tributário aplicáveis para a proteção ao meio ambiente, mormente, a função extrafiscal do tributo, concluindo pela possibilidade de isenção tributária para o mercado de créditos de carbono, por estar em consonância com as diretrizes constitucionais de proteção ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável.   Abstract: The article studies the possibility of promoting the carbon credit market through government initiatives, in particular by granting tax incentives. Therefore, it explores the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the context it was created, elucidating the structure and requirements of a CDM project. It approaches the tax aspects of the carbon credit market, analyzing its legal nature as an intangible good, its assignment for title transfer and potentially applicable taxes to onerous transfer of carbon credits. Finally, it examines the elements from tax law applicable to environmental protection, especially the extrafiscal function of the tribute, concluding for the possibility of tax exemption for carbon credits market, to be consistent with the constitutional guidelines for environmental protection and sustainable development.

Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
B. L. Soloff ◽  
T. A. Rado
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

AEM analysis of crystallization in Ti-based amorphous alloys

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
A.R. Pelton ◽  
A.F. Marshall ◽  
Y.S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Isothermal Annealing ◽  
Amorphous Matrix ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Amorphous Films ◽  
Electrical And Magnetic Properties

Amorphous materials are of current interest due to their desirable mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties. Furthermore, crystallizing amorphous alloys provides an avenue for discerning sequential and competitive phases thus allowing access to otherwise inaccessible crystalline structures. Previous studies have shown the benefits of using AEM to determine crystal structures and compositions of partially crystallized alloys. The present paper will discuss the AEM characterization of crystallized Cu-Ti and Ni-Ti amorphous films.Cu60Ti40: The amorphous alloy Cu60Ti40, when continuously heated, forms a simple intermediate, macrocrystalline phase which then transforms to the ordered, equilibrium Cu3Ti2 phase. However, contrary to what one would expect from kinetic considerations, isothermal annealing below the isochronal crystallization temperature results in direct nucleation and growth of Cu3Ti2 from the amorphous matrix.

Characterization of Coherent, Ordered Precipitates in Nickel-Base Alloys

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 144-145
Author(s):  
B. H. Kear ◽  
J. M. Oblak
Keyword(s):  
Stable Phase ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Alloy 718 ◽  
Commercial Alloy ◽  
Precipitate Morphology ◽  
Continuous Precipitation ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Base Superalloy ◽  
Strengthening Precipitate

A nickel-base superalloy is essentially a Ni/Cr solid solution hardened by additions of Al (Ti, Nb, etc.) to precipitate a coherent, ordered phase. In most commercial alloy systems, e.g. B-1900, IN-100 and Mar-M200, the stable precipitate is Ni3 (Al,Ti) γ′, with an LI2structure. In A lloy 901 the normal precipitate is metastable Nis Ti3 γ′ ; the stable phase is a hexagonal Do2 4 structure. In Alloy 718 the strengthening precipitate is metastable γ″, which has a body-centered tetragonal D022 structure.Precipitate MorphologyIn most systems the ordered γ′ phase forms by a continuous precipitation re-action, which gives rise to a uniform intragranular dispersion of precipitate particles. For zero γ/γ′ misfit, the γ′ precipitates assume a spheroidal.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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