scholarly journals Towards decarbonizing road transport: Environmental and social benefit of vehicle fleet electrification in urban areas of Greece

2022 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 111775
Author(s):  
Ch Kouridis ◽  
Ch Vlachokostas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Of Greece

scholarly journals Electric Mobility in Cities: The Case of Vienna

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Amela Ajanovic ◽  
Marina Siebenhofer ◽  
Reinhard Haas
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The Future ◽  
Historical Developments

Environmental problems such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are especially challenging in urban areas. Electric mobility in different forms may be a solution. While in recent years a major focus was put on private electric vehicles, e-mobility in public transport is already a very well-established and mature technology with a long history. The core objective of this paper is to analyze the economics of e-mobility in the Austrian capital of Vienna and the corresponding impact on the environment. In this paper, the historical developments, policy framework and scenarios for the future development of mobility in Vienna up to 2030 are presented. A major result shows that in an ambitious scenario for the deployment of battery electric vehicles, the total energy demand in road transport can be reduced by about 60% in 2030 compared to 2018. The major conclusion is that the policies, especially subsidies and emission-free zones will have the largest impact on the future development of private and public e-mobility in Vienna. Regarding the environmental performance, the most important is to ensure that a very high share of electricity used for electric mobility is generated from renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Transportation and Air Quality. Perspectives and Projections in a Mediterranean Country. The Case of Greece

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios C. Spyropoulos ◽  
Panagiotis T. Nastos ◽  
Konstantinos P. Moustris ◽  
Konstantinos J. Chalvatzis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Mediterranean Country ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Integrated Methodology ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Simple Exponential Smoothing ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Exponential Smoothing Technique ◽  
Of Greece

This study provides a thorough review and analysis of the evolution of the Greek vehicle fleet over the last ~30 years, which is next used for the generation of high granularity fleet projections and for the estimation of relevant environmental benefits by 2030. The integrated methodology developed takes also into account vehicle clustering and the Brown’s Double Simple Exponential Smoothing technique that together with the adoption of COPERT based emission factors allow for the estimation of the anticipated emissions in 2030. Expected 2030 emissions levels suggest a reduction across all pollutants in comparison to 2018, ranging from 3.7% for PM10 to 54.5% for NMVOC (and 46% for CO, 14% for SO2, 28% for NOX and 21% for CO2). We find that Greece is on track with national goals concerning the reduction of air pollution from the transportation sector, stressing the positive contribution of EVs and new, "greener" vehicles, and setting new challenges for the further improvement of the sector beyond the 2030 outlook.

scholarly journals Positioning and integrity monitoring using the new DFMC SBAS service in the road transport

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Wang ◽  
Ahmed El-Mowafy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Integrity Monitoring ◽  
Positioning Errors

<p>Australia and New Zealand has initiated a two-year test-bed in 2017 for the new generation of Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS). In addition to the legacy L1 service, the test-bed broadcasts SBAS messages through L5 to support the dual-frequency multi-constellation (DFMC) service for GPS and Galileo. Furthermore, PPP corrections were also sent via L1 and L5 to support the PPP service for dual-frequency GPS users and GPS/Galileo users, respectively.</p><p>The positioning and integrity monitoring process are currently defined for the aeronautical DFMC SBAS service in [1]. For land applications in road transport, users may encounter problems in complicated measurement environments like urban areas, e.g., more complicated multipath effects and frequent filter initializations of the carrier-smoothed code observations. In this study, a new weighting model related to the elevation angles, the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and the filter smoothing time is developed. The weighting coefficients adjusting the impacts of these factors are studied for the open-sky, the suburban and the urban scenarios. Applying the corresponding weighting models, the overbounding cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the weighted noise/biases are searched and proposed for these scenarios.</p><p>Using real data collected under different measurement scenarios mentioned above, the DFMC SBAS positioning errors and protection levels are computed in the horizontal direction based on the proposed weighting models and the proposed overbounding CDFs. The results are compared with the case applying only the traditional elevation-dependent weighting model. While the positioning accuracy and protection levels did not change much for the open-sky scenario, the RMS of the positioning errors and the average protection levels are found to be reduced in both the suburban and urban scenarios. </p><p>[1] EUROCAE (2019) Minimum operational performance standard for Galileo/global positioning system/satellite-based augmentation system airborne equipment. The European Organisation for civil aviation equipment, ED-259, February 2019</p>

scholarly journals Διερεύνηση διαφυλικών διαφορών ως προς την εκδήλωση αγχωδών διαταραχών σε μαθητές της Ε' και Στ' Δημοτικού

2017 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Βασίλειος Καρτέρης ◽  
Αλέξανδρος-Σταμάτιος Αντωνίου
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Of Greece

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in childhood and adversely affect the functioning of children in various important areas of their life. According to contemporary international research, girls seem to be more prone to the appearance of anxiety disorder. This survey was conducted on a sample of 461 pupils of grades E and F in urban and semi-urban areas of Greece and confirmed the findings of corresponding international studies. In particular, it was found that gender significantly affects the occurrence of specific phobia (fear of bodily injury), generalized anxiety disorder, panic-agoraphobia, social phobia and separation anxiety. Typically, girls appeared to have higher levels of anxiety in various events in their lives. It has been shown that early detection and early intervention, along with the strengthening of counseling parents, contribute significantly to the smooth psychosomal development of children with anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Air Quality Strategies and Technologies: A Rapid Review of the International Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Quarmby ◽  
Georgina Santos ◽  
Megan Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

Poor air quality is a pressing policy issue that spans public health and environmental portfolios, and governments worldwide are investing in a wide array of measures to address it. This paper is a rapid review of the evidence behind air quality strategies and technologies. It was conducted according to the principles of a systematic review, and includes both academic and “grey” literature sources. It focuses on road transport in urban areas, because air pollution tends to be worse in cities, and the main source is fossil fuel vehicles. It draws on the environmental science and policy literature to provide interdisciplinary insight into the most effective air quality policy measures. The most promising initiatives include active travel infrastructure, roadside barriers, low emission zones, and low speed limits. Technologies which remove pollution from the air largely remain unproven, especially at the scale needed to make a significant impact. The combinations of policies from three cities which rank highly for air quality are reviewed; one important finding is that policies are most effective when they are a part of a mutually reinforcing suite of measures. Policies consistent across the cities studied are good public transport coverage, a good cycle network, and financial incentives for electric vehicle purchase.

The Role of Road Infrastructure and Air Pollution in the Recent Suburbanization of India’s Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Holian ◽  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Central City ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Indian Cities

This article re-examines the suburbanization of Indian cities by calculating population density gradients, for a large number of urban agglomerations, using recent data and Mills’ two-point method. In the next step, we estimate multiple regression models to explore the determinants of suburbanization. This study presents several methodological advances over previous research, by incorporating new measures of transport infrastructure, air pollution and city–suburb income ratios as determinants of suburbanization of Indian cities. Our results clearly show that suburbanization is higher in urban areas with higher population and lower central city–suburban literacy ratios. We find some evidence that suburbanization is higher in urban areas with more road transport infrastructure, consistent with our expectations, though results concerning air pollution run counter to expectations. However, these could relate to caveats regarding the data and methods.

scholarly journals Impact of spatial proxies on the representation of bottom-up emission inventories: A satellite-based analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 4131-4145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guannan Geng ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Randall V. Martin ◽  
Jintai Lin ◽  
Hong Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Spatial proxies used in bottom-up emission inventories to derive the spatial distributions of emissions are usually empirical and involve additional levels of uncertainty. Although uncertainties in current emission inventories have been discussed extensively, uncertainties resulting from improper spatial proxies have rarely been evaluated. In this work, we investigate the impact of spatial proxies on the representation of gridded emissions by comparing six gridded NOx emission datasets over China developed from the same magnitude of emissions and different spatial proxies. GEOS-Chem-modeled tropospheric NO2 vertical columns simulated from different gridded emission inventories are compared with satellite-based columns. The results show that differences between modeled and satellite-based NO2 vertical columns are sensitive to the spatial proxies used in the gridded emission inventories. The total population density is less suitable for allocating NOx emissions than nighttime light data because population density tends to allocate more emissions to rural areas. Determining the exact locations of large emission sources could significantly strengthen the correlation between modeled and observed NO2 vertical columns. Using vehicle population and an updated road network for the on-road transport sector could substantially enhance urban emissions and improve the model performance. When further applying industrial gross domestic product (IGDP) values for the industrial sector, modeled NO2 vertical columns could better capture pollution hotspots in urban areas and exhibit the best performance of the six cases compared to satellite-based NO2 vertical columns (slope  =  1.01 and R2 = 0. 85). This analysis provides a framework for information from satellite observations to inform bottom-up inventory development. In the future, more effort should be devoted to the representation of spatial proxies to improve spatial patterns in bottom-up emission inventories.

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