Association between processing speed and subclinical psychotic symptoms in the general population: Focusing on sex differences

2015 ◽  
Vol 166 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wulf Rössler ◽  
Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross ◽  
Mario Müller ◽  
Stephanie Rodgers ◽  
Wolfram Kawohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms

scholarly journals Mismatch negativity: Alterations in adults from the general population who report subclinical psychotic symptoms

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Döring ◽  
M Müller ◽  
F Hagenmuller ◽  
V Ajdacic-Gross ◽  
H Haker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Surface Electrodes ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms

AbstractBackgroundDeficits of mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia and individuals at risk for psychosis have been replicated many times. Several studies have also demonstrated the occurrence of subclinical psychotic symptoms within the general population. However, none has yet investigated MMN in individuals from the general population who report subclinical psychotic symptoms.MethodsThe MMN to duration-, frequency-, and intensity deviants was recorded in 217 nonclinical individuals classified into a control group (n = 72) and three subclinical groups: paranoid (n = 44), psychotic (n = 51), and mixed paranoid-psychotic (n = 50). Amplitudes of MMN at frontocentral electrodes were referenced to average. Based on a three-source model of MMN generation, we conducted an MMN source analysis and compared the amplitudes of surface electrodes and sources among groups.ResultsWe found no significant differences in MMN amplitudes of surface electrodes. However, significant differences in MMN generation among the four groups were revealed at the frontal source for duration-deviant stimuli (P = 0.01). We also detected a trend-level difference (P = 0.05) in MMN activity among those groups for frequency deviants at the frontal source.ConclusionsIndividuals from the general population who report psychotic symptoms are a heterogeneous group. However, alterations exist in their frontal MMN activity. This increased activity might be an indicator of more sensitive perception regarding changes in the environment for individuals with subclinical psychotic symptoms.

Relationship between subclinical psychotic symptoms and cognitive performance in the general population

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Martín-Santiago ◽  
Vanessa Suazo ◽  
Alberto Rodríguez-Lorenzana ◽  
Sonia Ruiz de Azúa ◽  
César Valcárcel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms

Methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms: findings from a New Zealand longitudinal birth cohort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Boden ◽  
James A. Foulds ◽  
Giles Newton-Howes ◽  
Rebecca McKetin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Population ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Psychosis Risk

Abstract Background This study examined the association between methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms in a New Zealand general population birth cohort (n = 1265 at birth). Methods At age 18, 21, 25, 30, and 35, participants reported on their methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms in the period since the previous interview. Generalized estimating equations modelled the association between methamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms (percentage reporting any symptom, and number of symptoms per participant). Confounding factors included childhood individual characteristics, family socioeconomic circumstances and family functioning. Long term effects of methamphetamine use on psychotic symptoms were assessed by comparing the incidence of psychotic symptoms at age 30–35 for those with and without a history of methamphetamine use prior to age 30. Results After adjusting for confounding factors and time-varying covariate factors including concurrent cannabis use, methamphetamine use was associated with a modest increase in psychosis risk over five waves of data (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.72 for the percentage measure; and IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.02–1.50 for the symptom count measure). The increased risk of psychotic symptoms was concentrated among participants who had used at least weekly at any point (adjusted OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.21–6.69). Use of methamphetamine less than weekly was not associated with increased psychosis risk. We found no evidence for a persistent vulnerability to psychosis in the absence of continuing methamphetamine use. Conclusion Methamphetamine use is associated with increased risk of psychotic symptoms in the general population. Increased risk is chiefly confined to people who ever used regularly (at least weekly), and recently.

scholarly journals Do Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease Explain Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning in Old Age?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Maria van Zutphen ◽  
Judith Johanna Maria Rijnhart ◽  
Didericke Rhebergen ◽  
Majon Muller ◽  
Martijn Huisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Information Processing Speed

Background: Sex differences in cognitive functioning in old age are known to exist yet are still poorly understood. Objective: This study examines to what extent differences in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease between men and women explain sex differences in cognitive functioning. Methods: Data from 2,724 older adults from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used. Information processing speed and episodic memory, measured three times during six years of follow-up, served as outcomes. The mediating role of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease was examined in single and multiple mediator models. Determinant-mediator effects were estimated using linear or logistic regression, and determinant-outcome and mediator-outcome effects were estimated using linear mixed models. Indirect effects were estimated using the product-of-coefficients estimator. Results: Women scored 1.58 points higher on information processing speed and 1.53 points higher on episodic memory. Several cardiovascular risk factors had small mediating effects. The sex difference in information processing speed was mediated by smoking, depressive symptoms, obesity, and systolic blood pressure. The sex difference in episodic memory was mediated by smoking, physical activity, and depressive symptoms. Effects of smoking, LDL cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus on information processing speed differed between men and women. Conclusion: Differences in cardiovascular risk factors between women and men partially explained why women had better cognitive functioning. A healthy cardiovascular lifestyle seems beneficial for cognition and sex-specific strategies may be important to preserve cognitive functioning at older age.

Thyroid Disorders in the General Population of Hisayama Japan, with Special Reference to Prevalence and Sex Differences

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEN OKAMURA ◽  
TOSHIRO NAKASHIMA ◽  
KAZUO UEDA ◽  
KENJIRO INOUE ◽  
TERUO OMAE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Thyroid Disorders

Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of psychotic symptoms in the general population: Findings from the MHGP survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 336-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Pignon ◽  
Franck Schürhoff ◽  
Andrei Szöke ◽  
Pierre A. Geoffroy ◽  
Renaud Jardri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Correlates

Color Blindness in Mentally Retarded Children

1969 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 609-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome D. Schein ◽  
John A. Salvia
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Color Blindness ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Color Blind ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children

Recent studies of mentally retarded children have found substantially higher rates of color blindness than are usually reported for the general population. In 2 of these studies, sex differences in color blindness, invariably found in intellectually normal children, do not appear. Reanalysis of data from one of the studies of retarded children suggests the possibility that the high rates arise from the difficulty in comprehending the test and following the directions rather than from faulty color vision. However, even if the number of color blind retarded children is actually lower than these studies show, the need for research on this topic seems apparent. Using color dependent instructional materials with color blind, mentally retarded children may be detrimental.

scholarly journals The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high–functioning autism, and normal sex differences

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1430) ◽  
pp. 361-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Baron-Cohen ◽  
Jennifer Richler ◽  
Dheraj Bisarya ◽  
Nhishanth Gurunathan ◽  
Sally Wheelwright
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Asperger Syndrome ◽  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Major Dimension ◽  
Empathy Quotient

Systemizing is the drive to analyse systems or construct systems. A recent model of psychological sex differences suggests that this is a major dimension in which the sexes differ, with males being more drawn to systemize than females. Currently, there are no self–report measures to assess this important dimension. A second major dimension of sex differences is empathizing (the drive to identify mental states and respond to these with an appropriate emotion). Previous studies find females score higher on empathy measures. We report a new self–report questionnaire, the Systemizing Quotient (SQ), for use with adults of normal intelligence. It contains 40 systemizing items and 20 control items. On each systemizing item, a person can score 2, 1 or 0, so the SQ has a maximum score of 80 and a minimum of zero. In Study 1, we measured the SQ of n = 278 adults (114 males, 164 females) from a general population, to test for predicted sex differences (male superiority) in systemizing. All subjects were also given the Empathy Quotient (EQ) to test if previous reports of female superiority would be replicated. In Study 2 we employed the SQ and the EQ with n = 47 adults (33 males, 14 females) with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high–functioning autism (HFA), who are predicted to be either normal or superior at systemizing, but impaired at empathizing. Their scores were compared with n = 47 matched adults from the general population in Study 1. In Study 1, as predicted, normal adult males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ and significantly lower on the EQ. In Study 2, again as predicted, adults with AS/HFA scored significantly higher on the SQ than matched controls, and significantly lower on the EQ than matched controls. The SQ reveals both a sex difference in systemizing in the general population and an unusually strong drive to systemize in AS/HFA. These results are discussed in relation to two linked theories: the ‘empathizing–systemizing’ (E–S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism.

scholarly journals Psychiatric, cognitive functioning and socio-cultural views of menstrual psychosis in Oman: an idiographic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Al-Sibani ◽  
Mandhar Al-Maqbali ◽  
Sangeetha Mahadevan ◽  
Salim Al-Huseini ◽  
Muna Al-Muzeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Menstrual Psychosis ◽  
First Case ◽  
Idiographic Approach

Abstract Background Most documented cases of menstrual psychosis have been from Euro-American populations with reports from cross-cultural populations being only a few. A primary aim was to determine whether the cyclical/episodic nature of menstrual psychosis among case series observed at a tertiary care unit in Oman fulfills the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and diverge into Brockington’s sub-types (World Psychiatry. 2005;4(1):9–17). Related aims were to solicit measures of psychometric functioning of those with menstrual psychosis and associated idioms of distress. Methods A series of consecutive patients seeking psychiatric consultation from January 2016 to December 2017 were screened via structured interview—Composite-International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and Brockington’s sub-types. The identified patients (n = 4) also underwent psychometric evaluation including examination of affective functioning, intellectual capacity and neuropsychological functioning (i.e.attention and concentration, learning and remembering, executive function, processing speed and speech and language). The analysis of outcome measures was via an idiographic approach. Results The spectrum of distress among people with menstrual psychosis does not fit existing psychiatric nosology. Evaluations revealed that a majority of the participants displayed something akin to morbid phenomena relating to manic and psychotic symptoms. In the parlance of traditional Omani society, this would be termed “spirit possession”. In terms of classification by timing within the menstrual cycle as expounded by Brockington, the present case series in Oman fulfilled the definition of catamenial psychosis and paramenstrual psychosis. With regard to psychometric function, all participants performed adequately on indices of intellectual functioning but appeared to have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, including the dimensions of processing speed, episodic memory, and executive functioning. Within the given society, the periodicity of mind alteration has been attributed to spirit possession. Conclusions This is one of the first case series of its kind in the country elucidating whether the manifestation of menstrual psychosis among individuals in Oman fulfills the subtypes postulated by Brockington. The present case series suggests that menstrual psychosis is marked with neuropsychological impairments that were previously observed in other phasic manic episodes or brief psychotic disorders.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document