scholarly journals Assessment of soil salinity indexes using electrical conductivity sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 110171
Author(s):  
Sebastián Bañón ◽  
Sara Álvarez ◽  
Daniel Bañón ◽  
María Fernanda Ortuño ◽  
María Jesús Sánchez-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in the Yangtze River Estuary Using Electromagnetic Induction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Wenping Xie ◽  
Jingsong Yang ◽  
Rongjiang Yao ◽  
Xiangping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Yangtze River Estuary ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
The Yangtze River Estuary

Soil salt-water dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is complex and soil salinity is an obstacle to regional agricultural production and the ecological environment in the YRE. Runoff into the sea is reduced during the impoundment period as the result of the water-storing process of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which causes serious seawater intrusion. Soil salinity is a problem due to shallow and saline groundwater under serious seawater intrusion in the YRE. In this research, we focused on the temporal variation and spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in the YRE using geostatistics combined with proximally sensed information obtained by an electromagnetic induction (EM) survey method in typical years under the impoundment of the TGR. The EM survey with proximal sensing method was applied to perform soil salinity survey in field in the Yangtze River Estuary, allowing quick determination and quantitative assessment of spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity from 2006 to 2017. We developed regional soil salinity survey and mapping by coupling limited laboratory data with proximal sensed data obtained from EM. We interpreted the soil electrical conductivity by constructing a linear model between the apparent electrical conductivity data measured by an EM 38 device and the soil electrical conductivity (EC) of soil samples measured in laboratory. Then, soil electrical conductivity was converted to soil salt content (soil salinity g kg−1) through established linear regression model based on the laboratory data of soil salinity and soil EC. Semivariograms of regional soil salinity in the survey years were fitted and ordinary kriging interpolation was applied in interpolation and mapping of regional soil salinity. The cross-validation results showed that the prediction results were acceptable. The soil salinity distribution under different survey years was presented and the area of salt affected soil was calculated using geostatistics method. The results of spatial distribution of soil salinity showed that soil salinity near the riverbanks and coastlines was higher than that of inland. The spatial distribution of groundwater depth and salinity revealed that shallow groundwater and high groundwater salinity influenced the spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity. Under long-term impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the variation of soil salinity in different hydrological years was analyzed. Results showed that the area affected by soil salinity gradually increased in different hydrological year types under the impoundment of the TGR.

scholarly journals THE SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SOIL SALINITY AT THE YOUNG SALINE COASTAL PLAIN OF THE CASPIAN REGION

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Konyushkova ◽  
S. Alavipanah ◽  
A. Abdollahi ◽  
S. Hamzeh ◽  
A. Heidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
Almost All

The study is focused on the pattern of soil salinity at the young loamy coastal plains of the Caspian Sea in Russia and Iran which were released from water less than 300 years ago. At two key sites of 45×30 m (Russia) and 25×20 m (Iran), the soil sampling with 1 to 5 m grid was performed to the depth of 1 m. The electrical conductivity (1 : 2.5) was measured in soil samples and soil sa-linity maps were compiled. Soils are represented by solonchaks with 2–3% of salts in the top layer or highly saline soils partly leached in the upper 5–10 cm. The ground water table is shallow (2–2.5 m). The studied sites are different in terms of climate, microtopography, and vegetation cover but spatial differentiation of soil salinity is quite similar what is evidenced from the similar distributions (mean values and variance) of electrical conductivity in almost all studied depths. The redistribution of salts is mainly observed in the upper 50 cm with the maximal manifestation in the upper 5 cm.

scholarly journals Test the efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus fasciculatum) and magnetic water to reduce the effect of salinity on plant onion (Allium cepa L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Faris Mohammed SUHAIL ◽  
Imad Adnan MAHDI
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Fasciculatum ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Water Impact ◽  
Magnetized Water ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Magnetic Water

We carried out two factorial experiments in pots (capacity 4 kg) in order to increase the salt tolerance  of  one  of  our  important  plant -  onion,  using  inoculation  with  mycorrhizal  fungi  (Glomus fasciculatum) and magnetized water under conditions of salinity stress. The first experiment aims the interaction  between  fungus  inoculation  and  four  levels  of  saline  drainage  water  (0.66,  5.0,  7.5,  10.0 ds/m)  and  the  second  experiment  aims  the  interaction  between  the  inoculation  factor  and  the  water magnetic and two soils with different salinity (5.6, 13.4 ds/m). The results showed that the inoculation with  the  mycorrhizal  fungi  led  to  a  significant  increase  in  height,  fresh  weight  and  dry  weight  of onions  to  all  levels  of  salinity  compared  with  no  addition  of  inoculation,  while  led  to  a  significant reduction in electrical conductivity and the percentage of AM colonization of all levels of salts water. The  treatment  with  inoculation  and  magnetized  water  when  the  salinity  was  13.4  ds.m-1  recorded significant  increase  for  plants  height,  fresh  weight  and  dry  weight  (38.46%,  60.0%,  92.30%) respectively compared to the variant without inoculation, only with addition of water non-magnetized at  the  same  soil  salinity.  The  addition  of  mycorrhizal  fungi  (Glomus  fasciculatum)  and  magnetized water impact significant in reducing the electric conductivity (Ec) in soil salinity (13.4 ds/m) while it affects significantly the percentage of AM colonization in both two soils.

scholarly journals Field-Scale Characterization of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Three Dimensions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4043
Author(s):  
Hongyi Li ◽  
Xinlu Liu ◽  
Bifeng Hu ◽  
Asim Biswas ◽  
Qingsong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Secondary Salinity ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Semi Arid

Information on spatial, temporal, and depth variability of soil salinity at field and landscape scales is important for a variety of agronomic and environment concerns including irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas. However, challenges remain in characterizing and monitoring soil secondary salinity as it can largely be impacted by managements including irrigation and mulching in addition to natural factors. The objective of this study is to evaluate apparent electrical conductivity (ECa)-directed soil sampling as a basis for monitoring management-induced spatio-temporal change in soil salinity in three dimensions. A field experiment was conducted on an 18-ha saline-sodic field from Alar’s Agricultural Science and Technology Park, China between March, and November 2018. Soil ECa was measured using an electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor for four times over the growing season and soil core samples were collected from 18 locations (each time) selected using EMI survey data as a-priori information. A multi-variate regression-based predictive relationship between ECa and laboratory-measured electrical conductivity (ECe) was used to predict EC with confidence (R2 between 0.82 and 0.99). A three-dimensional inverse distance weighing (3D-IDW) interpolation clearly showed a strong variability in space and time and with depths within the study field which were mainly attributed to the human management factors including irrigation, mulching, and uncovering of soils and natural factors including air temperature, evaporation, and groundwater level. This study lays a foundation of characterizing secondary salinity at a field scale for precision and sustainable management of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid areas.

The effect of spacing on the growth ofEucalyptus camaldulensison salt-affected soils of the Punjab, Pakistan

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 2434-2444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javaid Akhtar ◽  
Z. A. Saqib ◽  
R. H. Qureshi ◽  
M. A. Haq ◽  
M. S. Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehnh ◽  
The Impact ◽  
I 31

This study compared the performance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. planted at four spacings (2.0 m × 2.0 m, 2.5 m × 2.5 m, 3.0 m × 3.0 m, and 3.5 m × 3.5 m) at three experimental saline sites in Punjab province of Pakistan over 5 years and assessed the impact of these planting densities on soil salinity amelioration. Tree response was assessed by measuring survival, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees at 1, 2, and 5 years as well as wood volume after 5 years. Wood volume per hectare, height, and DBH were greater at sites I and II than at site III. The 3.0 m × 3.0 m spacing resulted in taller trees, but DBH and wood volume were greater with the 3.5 m × 3.5 m spacing. The study confirmed that initial tree spacing or density has a significant impact on the subsequent height, DBH, and wood volume of E. camaldulensis plants. The study also showed that broad spacing could be a better option in saline environments. There was a definite reduction in soil salinity (electrical conductivity, ECe) at five soil depths after 5 years of tree growth at all sites and spacing treatments, with reductions varying from 46% to 47% at site I, 31% to 52% at site II, and 25% to 58% at site III. Soil ECewas generally higher in surface (0–15 cm) soils.

A RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATING WEIGHTED SOIL SALINITY FROM APPARENT SOIL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASURED WITH AN ABOVEGROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION METER

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. WOLLENHAUPT ◽  
J. L. RICHARDSON ◽  
J. E. FOSS ◽  
E. C. DOLL
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Parent Materials

This study presents a method for calibrating electromagnetic induction instrument readings with saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe) for field mapping purposes. Each meter reading represents an integration of the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) over the meter’s response depth. To correlate the meter readings with measured ECe within soil depth increments, several pedons representing a range of soil salinity for the survey area were sampled in 30-cm increments to a depth corresponding to the meter response. A weighting procedure based on the meter response-depth function was developed to condense the multiple ECe by depth measurements into a single weighted area specific value. These values were correlated with the apparent soil electric conductivity from the electromagnetic induction instrument by simple linear regression. This technique is designed for soil association of similar parent materials. The resulting regression equation yields a quick reliable equation that avoids complex mathematics and converts the instrument readings into weighted forms of commonly used saturated paste electrical conductivity values. Key words: Soil survey, electrical resistance

DESALINIZATION OF AN IRRIGATED, MOLE-DRAINED, SALINE CLAY LOAM SOIL

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT ◽  
C. CHANG
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Logarithmic Order ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Plot Area ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Desalinization of an irrigated, saline, clay loam soil that had been drained with unlined and lined mole drains, at 0.7 m depth, was determined during a 10-yr reclamation period. Within 5 yr the mean electrical conductivity (EC) of the surface 60 cm of soil, for about one-half of the plot area, had been reduced from greater than 8 to less than 4 dS m−1. The mean EC for the plot area at the 0- to 60-cm and 0- to 180-cm depths declined in a logarithmic order with time. Desalinization of the surface 30 cm of soil was greater under the unlined drain regime than under the lined, but at 30- to 120-cm depths, desalinization was greater under the lined. The salts were mostly sodium, calcium and magnesium sulfates. Although the unlined mole drains had an average discharge of 24% of that from the lined, the average salt discharged through the unlined drains was 80% of that from the lined ones. The lined drains removed more salts over a greater range of depths. Key words: Desalinization, reclamation, mole drainage, soil salinity

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