Assessing the impact of land-applied biosolids from a thermomechanical (TMP) pulp mill to a suite of terrestrial and aquatic bioassay organisms under laboratory conditions

AbstractThe extraction of lipophilic wood extractives from pulp and paper process waters proves to be a challenging task, due to harsh and alternating process and sample conditions. This study has determined the potential use of polymeric sorbents for solid-phase extraction (SPE) and compared to classical silica-based reversed-phase packed columns, with polymeric hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridges being the sorbent with the most potential. Recovery functions were obtained with an internal standard mixture representative for the main lipophilic wood extractive groups, which are fatty acids and alcohols, sterols, sterol esters and triglycerides. The impact of pH, sample volume and sample matrix, expressed as TOC and cations, on the retention behavior of lipophilic extractives during SPE of industrial samples were determined with polymeric HLB sorbent. High variations in the composition of pulp mill matrices led to different optimal extraction conditions. Thus, a new SPE protocol was developed, which bypasses matrix interferences and omits the loss of analytes due to sample preparation. The method is applicable to different pulp mill effluents with large discrepancies in pH and sample matrices, resulting in recoveries >90 % with RSD <5 % for all lipophilic wood extractives.

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Evaluation of Usefulness of the Designed Laboratory Photobioreactor for Microalgae Cultivation in Controlled Conditions

Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.1515/agriceng-2016-0002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22

Author(s):

Beata Brzychczyk ◽

Zbigniew Kowalczyk ◽

Jan Giełżecki

Keyword(s):

Culture Medium ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Biomass Growth ◽

Microalgae Cultivation ◽

Freshwater Microalgae ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Medium Concentration ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe objective of the paper was to analyse the use of the designed photobioreactor for freshwater microalgae cultivation in the controlled laboratory conditions. The work covered the design and construction of photobioreactors (PBR) and setting up comparative cultivations of freshwater microalgae chlorelli vulgaris along with determination of the biomass growth intensity for a varied amount of supplied culture medium. It was found out that the constructed PBR may be used for microalgae cultivation in the controlled conditions. The impact of the culture medium amount on the growth of chlorelli vulgaris was proved. As a result of the increase of culture medium concentration to 30.1-120.4 ml·l−1 of water, dry mass in photobioreactorsincreased respectively from 1.33 g·dm−3 to 4.68 g·dm−3.

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Pulp mill process closure: a review of global technology developments and mill experiences in the 1990s

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0192 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 183-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S.C. Stratton ◽

P.L. Gleadow ◽

A.P. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Pollution Prevention ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Thermomechanical Pulp ◽

Pulp Mills ◽

Oxygen Delignification ◽

Manufacturing Operations ◽

The Impact ◽

Mill Process

The impact of effluent discharges continues to be an important issue for the pulp manufacturing industry. Considerable progress has been made in pollution prevention to minimize waste generation, so-called manufacturing “process closure.” Since the mid-1980s many important technologies have been developed and implemented, many of these in response to organochlorine concerns. Zero effluent operation is now a reality for a few bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP) pulp mills. In kraft pulp manufacturing, important developments include widespread adoption of new cooking techniques, oxygen delignification, closed screening, improved process control, new bleaching methods, and systems that minimize pulping liquor losses. Coupled to this is a commitment to reduce water use and maximize reuse of in-mill process streams. Some companies pursued bleach plant closure, and many have been successful in eliminating a portion of their bleaching wastewaters. However, the difficulties inherent in closing bleach plants are considerable. For many mills the optimal solution has been found to be a high degree of closure coupled with external biological treatment of the remaining process effluent. No bleach plants at papergrade bleached kraft mills are known to be operating effluent-free on a continuous basis. This paper reviews the important worldwide technological developments and mill experiences in the 1990s that were focused on minimizing environmental impacts of pulp manufacturing operations.

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Anisops bouvieri predation and advantages of cephalic expansion inDaphnia cephalata King and the impact of predation onDaphnia similis Claus under laboratory conditions

Proceedings Animal Sciences ◽

10.1007/bf03179412 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 95 (5) ◽

pp. 509-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K Venkataraman ◽

S Krishnaswamy

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Conditions ◽

The Impact

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Biorefinery in a pulp mill: simultaneous production of cellulosic fibers from Eucalyptus globulus by soda-anthraquinone cooking and surface-active agents

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2012-0178 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 481-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Marion Sanglard ◽

Christine Chirat ◽

Bevan Jarman ◽

Dominique Lachenal

Keyword(s):

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Wood Chips ◽

Oxygen Delignification ◽

Cellulosic Fibers ◽

Surface Active Agents ◽

Cooking Temperature ◽

Kraft Cooking ◽

Surface Active ◽

The Impact

Abstract Industrial Eucalyptus globulus wood chips were submitted to different autohydrolysis conditions followed by kraft cooking and soda-anthraquinone cooking. The autohydrolyzed wood chips were much easier to delignify than the control wood chips. Soda-anthraquinone cooking could be performed at a cooking temperature that was 20°C lower than that for the kraft cooking on control wood chips. Furthermore, the active alkali could be reduced. The resulting unbleached pulps reacted as well to oxygen delignification as the control pulps and could be further bleached to 90% ISO brightness with a D(EP)D sequence. The autohydrolysis liquors were investigated for their suitability as a source for the synthesis of alkylpolyxylosides (APX). These surface-active agents are synthesized through the reaction between the saccharides of the autohydrolysates and a fatty alcohol, with the former being the hydrophilic and the latter being the hydrophobic part of the molecule. The impact of the substances detected in autohydrolysates on the APX synthesis was studied. It was demonstrated that lignin dissolved during autohydrolysis should at least partially be removed before the production of APX.

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Simulation of hydraulic pump load in laboratory conditions

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/202135101005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 351 ◽

pp. 01005

Author(s):

Ľubomír Hujo ◽

Romana Janoušková ◽

Štefan Čorňák ◽

Juraj Tulík

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Test ◽

Working Hours ◽

Hydraulic Fluid ◽

Agricultural Machinery ◽

Hydraulic Pump ◽

Scientific Contribution ◽

Energy Carriers ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Limit Test ◽

The Impact

The aim of the scientific contribution is simulating the load of gear hydraulic pump used in agricultural machinery in laboratory conditions, where the impact of ecological transmission-hydraulic fluid on life limit (flow and efficiency) of gear hydraulic pump GHD1-17R is monitored. Laboratory test equipment was used for the simulation. The equipment was used to perform life limit test of hydraulic pump and to monitor changes in physicochemical ecological energy carriers. The simulation in laboratory conditions took 500 hours. The Vickers test took 100 hours. Transmission-hydraulic fluid MOL Farm NH Ultra was used for simulation. The results were that fluid is appropriate to use in this type of hydraulic pump in agricultural machineries. According to the Vickers test, the fluid is characterized by an increased value of flow and efficiency after 50 working hours, thereby exceeding the specified test values.

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Impact of unilateral eyestalk ablation on Callinectes arcuatus (Ordway, 1863) under laboratory conditions: behavioral evaluation

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research ◽

10.3856/vol49-issue4-fulltext-2676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 576-594

Author(s):

Irma Vargas-Téllez ◽

Ruth Escamilla-Montes ◽

Juan F. Arzola-González ◽

Genaro Diarte-Plata ◽

Antonio Luna-González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Crab ◽

Carapace Width ◽

Ablation Procedure ◽

Short Term ◽

Molting Cycle ◽

Chi Square ◽

Eyestalk Ablation ◽

Immature Male ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

The Impact

Eyestalk ablation allows the removal of neurohormones that inhibit early reproduction and decreases the time to complete the molting cycle. The present study evaluated the impact of unilateral eyestalk ablation on the behavior of blue crab breeders Callinectes arcuatus in the short term under laboratory conditions. Immature male and female crabs and individuals in the intermolt stage were collected in Ohuira Bay, Ahome, Sinaloa, Mexico. Three bioassays were performed: males, females, and male-females each with three treatments; control + xylocaine (50 μL, 5%), squash ablation + xylocaine (50 μL, 5%), ablation by string ligation + xylocaine (50 μL, 5%), each with three replicas and three periods of evaluation after the ablation procedure (10 min, 2 h, and 24 h). Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square (χ2) tests were used to evaluate significances (P < 0.05) in the behavior of C. arcuatus. The sizes of blue crab C. arcuatus were 9.72 ± 1.0 cm of carapace width. The feeding behavior of the male-females bioassay was significant at 2 h (P < 0.05). The results obtained were satisfactory using two techniques, unilateral eyestalk ablation by squash and ligation in which pain and aggressiveness indicators were mitigated. Disorientation and aggressiveness in males were significant at 2 h (P < 0.05), and in females after 10 min, and 2 h after ablation (P < 0.05). In the male-females bioassay, aggressiveness was significant at 2 h (P < 0.05). Courtship and copulation were recorded in those crabs subjected to unilateral eyestalk squash ablation (13 and 8, respectively).

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Quantifying the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a Mechanized Shelterwood Harvest Producing Both Sawtimber and Woodchips

Forests ◽

10.3390/f13010070 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Joshua P. Weyrens ◽

Obste Therasme ◽

René H. Germain

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Forest Harvesting ◽

Wood Products ◽

Primary Data ◽

Carbon Neutral ◽

The Impact

Forests are used to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through carbon offset programs, and forest management is generally accepted as “carbon neutral”. However, forest harvesting operations depend heavily on fossil fuels, so it would be remiss to broadly paint all forms of management as carbon neutral without empirical verification of this claim. Biomass feedstock, as a means to supplant fossil fuel consumption, has received the bulk of investigative efforts, as the carbon benefit of biomass is one of the most contentious among wood products, because it does not create long-term carbon storage. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on a winter shelterwood harvest occurring in the Adirondacks of upstate New York. Primary data were collected daily throughout the operation and used to model the impact attributed to producing clean chips and logs for delivery to a pulp mill and sawmill, respectively. This harvest produced 4894 Mg of clean chips and 527 Mg of sawtimber. We calculated that 39.77 and 25.16 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent were emitted per Mg of clean chips and sawtimber, respectively, with a total observed flow of GHG into the atmosphere between 206 and 210 thousand kilograms. The results contribute to our understanding of the global warming potential of implementing a forest harvest to produce raw materials for medium- and long-term carbon storage products such as paper and dimensional hardwood lumber.

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Lightweight ventilated façade: Acoustic performance in laboratory conditions, analysing the impact of controlled ventilation variations on airborne sound insulation

Building Acoustics ◽

10.1177/1351010x20916719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 367-379

Author(s):

Joan Lluis Zamora Mestre ◽

Andrea Niampira

Keyword(s):

Sound Insulation ◽

Air Cavity ◽

Acoustic Performance ◽

Controlled Ventilation ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Airborne Sound ◽

Cavity Thickness ◽

Ventilated Facade ◽

The Impact ◽

Real Building

The use of double-sheet enclosures with an intermediate non-ventilated air cavity guarantees a higher airborne sound insulation. The insulation advantages depend on air tightness and the placement of sound absorbing material in the air cavity. The lightweight ventilated façade is a system constructed by the addition of an external light cladding on a heavy single wall to establish an intermediate air cavity. This air cavity can be ventilated under controlled cooling effects, because of Sun’s radiation, and to reduce the risk of dampness caused by rainwater. Owing to this ventilation, acoustic insulation of the lightweight ventilated façade could be less effective. However, some authors indicate that air cavity moderate ventilation does not necessarily lead to a significant reduction in the airborne sound insulation. The authors previously verified this situation in a real building where the existing façade of masonry walls was transformed into a lightweight ventilated façade. The preliminary results indicate the acoustic benefits can be compatible with the hygrothermal benefits derived from controlled ventilation. This article presents the next step, the evaluation of the lightweight ventilated façade acoustic performance under laboratory conditions to revalidate the previous results and refining aspects as the air cavity thickness or the state of openings ventilation. The main results obtained indicate that the airborne sound insulation in laboratory is aligned with the previous results in a real building. Air cavity thickness from 110 to 175 mm and ventilation openings from 0% to 3.84% of the façade area does not lead to a significant reduction in the airborne sound insulation.

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Comparative Analysis

Research Methods in the Social Sciences: An A-Z of key concepts ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198850298.003.0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 47-51

Author(s):

Céline C. Cocq ◽

Ora Szekely

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Social Science ◽

Small Group ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Case Comparison ◽

Independent Variable ◽

The Impact

This chapter illustrates comparative analysis, which is simply defined as comparing and contrasting two or more phenomena in order to better understand them. Comparative analysis plays an important role in both academic and policy-related circles and can be useful in many different ways. While in the hard sciences it is possible to conduct experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, this is often impossible in social science. Social scientists must therefore find other ways of isolating and testing the impact of variables and understanding the relationships between them. Accordingly, the goal of comparative analysis is the comparison of phenomena — whether that means comparison within individual cases, among a small group of cases, or the analysis of large amounts of data — to identify key independent variable(s) and establish what link, if any, exists between them and the dependent variable(s). Comparative analysis can also be useful in establishing the nature of that relationship, assessing whether it is necessary, sufficient, or both. Moreover, cross-case comparison allows social scientists to build broad theories that are applicable in different contexts.

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