Field study on the transportation characteristics of PFASs from water source to tap water

To evaluate the potential of using electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water for controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water for livestock, the effects of water source, electrolyte concentration, dilution, storage conditions, and bacterial or fecal load on the oxidative reduction potential (ORP) and bactericidal activity of EO water were investigated. Anode and combined (7:3 anode:cathode, vol/vol) EO waters reduced the pH and increased the ORP of deionized water, whereas cathode EO water increased pH and lowered ORP. Minimum concentrations (vol/vol) of anode and combined EO waters required to kill 104 CFU/ml planktonic suspensions of E. coli O157:H7 strain H4420 were 0.5 and 2.0%, respectively. Cathode EO water did not inhibit H4420 at concentrations up to 16% (vol/vol). Higher concentrations of anode or combined EO water were required to elevate the ORP of irrigation or chlorinated tap water compared with that of deionized water. Addition of feces to EO water products (0.5% anode or 2.0% combined, vol/vol) significantly reduced (P < 0.001) their ORP values to <700 mV in all water types. A relationship between ORP and bactericidal activity of EO water was observed. The dilute EO waters retained the capacity to eliminate a 104 CFU/ml inoculation of E. coli O157:H7 H4420 for at least 70 h regardless of exposure to UV light or storage temperature (4 versus 24°C). At 95 h and beyond, UV exposure reduced ORP, significantly more so (P < 0.05) in open than in closed containers. Bactericidal activity of EO products (anode or combined) was lost in samples in which ORP value had fallen to ≤848 mV. When stored in the dark, the diluted EO waters retained an ORP of >848 mV and bactericidal efficacy for at least 125 h; with refrigeration (4°C), these conditions were retained for at least 180 h. Results suggest that EO water may be an effective means by which to control E. coli O157:H7 in livestock water with low organic matter content.

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Strontium isotope ratios of human hair record intra-city variations in tap water source

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-018-21359-0 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Brett J. Tipple ◽

Luciano O. Valenzuela ◽

James R. Ehleringer

Keyword(s):

Human Hair ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Isotope Ratios ◽

Strontium Isotope ◽

Strontium Isotope Ratios

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Nitrotogais selected overNitrospirain newly assembled biofilm communities from a tap water source community at increased nitrite loading

Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1111/1462-2920.13792 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 2785-2793 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Marta Kinnunen ◽

Arda Gülay ◽

Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen ◽

Arnaud Dechesne ◽

Barth F. Smets

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Water Source

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Comparison of Virus Survival in Freshwater Sources

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1988.0327 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 20 (11-12) ◽

pp. 467-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. M. Kutz ◽

C. P. Gerba

Keyword(s):

Virus Type ◽

Survival Data ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Inactivation Rate ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Virus Inactivation ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Survival Studies ◽

Virus Survival

Enteric viruses are a potential cause of human gastroenteritis. Their ability to cause waterborne disease may be attributed to their low infectious dose and survival for prolonged periods of time in aquatic environments. Virus survival studies have shown temperature to be a major factor in determination of inactivation rates. Literature on virus inactivation rates at various temperatures was compiled for freshwater sources including ground, tap, river, and impounded water. Data were grouped according to either virus type or water source. Linear regression and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the significance of temperature on virus survival. Data were also analyzed to obtain a general line of best fit for virus inactivation at various temperatures. Temperature was found to be a significant factor in virus inactivation. However, significance of the effect of temperature varied with virus type and water source. Approximately 3 to 99% of variation in virus inactivation rates can be explained by temperature. The slowest inactivation rate obtained was for coliphage in ground water. Inactivation rates for virus in tap water were among the highest and the overall mean inactivation rate for all virus data was slightly greater than 0.5 log per day. Future comparisons of the effect of temperature as well as other environmental factors on virus survival may require the development of standard methods for virus inactivation studies.

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Investigation of Household Laundry Water as an Alternative Water Source

Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények ◽

10.33894/mtk-2020.13.15 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 91-94

Author(s):

Orsolya Kelemen ◽

Andrea Izbékiné Szabolcsik ◽

Ildikó Bodnár

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Water Source ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Quality Improvements ◽

Constant Composition ◽

Cleaning Efficiency ◽

Alternative Water ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Treatment Procedures

AbstractThe goal of our research is to study the potential treatment options for the relatively contaminated greywater fraction from washing, in order to use this fraction as an alternative water source. During the research to compare the purification efficiency of different greywater treatment solutions we have created a constant composition synthetic laundry greywater, based on tap water, which represents the real laundry water in the terms of quality. As greywater treatment solutions, in terms of physical pre-treatment procedure we used a sand filtering method, and in terms of chemical processes we used coagulation and oxidation. Based on treatment efficiencies, we can say that the treatment procedures can achieve significant quality improvements, but none of the methods can achieve the required cleaning efficiency by itself. In order to reach the optimum quality parameters, the use of combined methods is required.

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Determination of Radon-222 in Natural Drinking Water Sources in Outskirts of Yekaterinburg

Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management - Методы оценки и механизмы регулирования водопользования в современных условиях ◽

10.35567/1999-4508-2014-4-8 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 95-101

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Radon Content

Analysis of the 222Rn specific activity in water of three springs situated in Western outskirts of Yekaterinburg, out of the well that is the main drinking water source in the Palkinsky Torfyanning community, as well as the Yekaterinburg tap water has been carried out. Assessment of the radon content fluctuations over the period from January to November, 2013 in water of one of the sources under study has been done.

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Drinking Water and Diarrheal Characteristic Cases in Darbendikhan City

10.20944/preprints202008.0049.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sabah Shareef Mohammed ◽

Yadgar Hussien Hama-karim ◽

Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Probable Number ◽

Pipe System ◽

Software Application ◽

Drinking Water Sources

Water pollution in Iraq has been extended disaster edge; this pollution is caused by wastes and sewages into soil and rivers, pollutant water sources influence the outbreak and serious epidemic status among the population.. The aim of this study is to determine the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources and characteristics of water-borne diseases especially diarrheal cases in Darbandikhan city. 166 water samples, collected from the different sources and areas, were tested for the presences of coliform bacteria as an indicator for pathogen contamination. Most probable number index was used for coliform enumeration. 161 diarrheal cases were taken as a sample from the patients were admitted to the general hospital in Darbandikhan district.. The questionnaire form was planned to view characteristics of diarrheal cases and patients were interviewed directly, the data was analyzed by STATA software application. 46% of the diarrheal cases used tap water for drinking. On the other hand, the reminder (54%) used other sources for the same purpose. All the risk factor such as type of water source, sufficiency of the water, duration of water storage and chlorination were associated with diarrhea. Almost half of the cases were children and three quarters were single. The data was analyzed by STATA version 13.1.This study indicated that the majority of drinking water sources in Darbandikhan city are not suitable for drinking, although net pipe system supplied chlorine significantly it has been proven that the tap water from the homes is not suitable for consumption.

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“I think that’s all a lie…I think It’s genocide”: Applying a Critical Race Praxis to Youth Perceptions of Flint Water Contamination

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.28.s1.241 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (Supp 1) ◽

pp. 241 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Michael Muhammad ◽

E. Hill De Loney ◽

Cassandra L. Brooks ◽

Shervin Assari ◽

DeWaun Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Race Theory ◽

Black Youth ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Future Research ◽

Critical Race ◽

Racial Stratification ◽

Emergency Manager ◽

Critical Race Praxis ◽

Flint River

Background: In April 2014, the emergency manager of Flint, Michigan switched the city’s water supplier from Detroit’s water department to the Flint River. The change in water source resulted in the Flint Water Crisis (FWC) in which lead (Pb) from the city’s network of old pipes leached into residents’ tap water. Residents of Flint reported concerns about the water to officials; however, the concerns were ignored for more than a year.Objective: This study sought to understand how Black youth in Flint conceptualize, interpret, and respond to racism they perceive as part of the normal bureaucracy contributing to the FWC.Methods: In 2016, we conducted four community forums with Flint youth aged 13 to 17 years. Sixty-eight youth participated with 93% self-identifying as Black. Participants completed a brief survey. We audio-recorded the forums and transcribed them verbatim. Critical Race Theory (CRT) guided the development of the interview protocol and Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) served as an interpretive framework during qualitative data analysis. Content analyses were completed using software.Results: Many youth viewed the FWC through a racially conscious frame. They described Flint as a Black city where historical and contemporary forms of racial stratification persist. Some described the contamination of the city’s water as a form of genocide targeting Blacks.Conclusions: The findings from this exploratory study suggest some Black youth in Flint have difficulty coping with the FWC. Those who perceive it through a racial frame attribute the crisis to racism. They feel distressed about this and other traumas (eg, failure to address high rates of crime) they perceived as racism-related. Future research should examine the implications for specific mental health outcomes among youth. Ethn Dis. 2018;28(Suppl 1): 241-246; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S1.241.

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Methodology for estimating the state of non-centralized sources of drinking water supply in an emergency socio-economic situation

Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika ◽

10.35776/vst.2021.10.06 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-64

Author(s):

С.В. Капранов

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

The State ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Grading Scale

Целью работы явилось обоснование необходимости организации и проведения на конкурсной основе благоустройства нецентрализованных водоисточников с использованием разработанной методики комплексной гигиенической и экологической оценки состояния нецентрализованных источников питьевого водоснабжения в условиях чрезвычайной ситуации. В работе использованы результаты многолетнего санитарно-гигиенического обследования и лабораторных исследований воды коллективных источников нецентрализованного питьевого водоснабжения. Определены следующие основные показатели для комплексной гигиенической и экологической оценки состояния нецентрализованных водоисточников: степень соответствия водоисточника установленным санитарно-гигиеническим и санитарно-техническим нормам и требованиям; соблюдение зон санитарной охраны; санитарно-просветительное, эстетическое и художественное оформление водоисточников; уровень благоустройства территории, окружающей водоисточники; качество воды водоисточников по результатам лабораторных исследований за определенный период. По каждому из пяти показателей предусмотрена оценка по 12-балльной шкале с последующим суммированием баллов с целью получения итогового результата комплексной оценки. Учитывая успешное проведение конкурса по благоустройству нецентрализованных источников водоснабжения с использованием разработанной методики комплексной гигиенической и экологической оценки состояния нецентрализованных источников питьевого водоснабжения в районе с резким дефицитом питьевой водопроводной воды, рекомендовано опыт проведения данного мероприятия распространить на другие административные территории, находящиеся в подобной ситуации. The work objective was substantiating the need to arrange and conduct, on a competitive basis, the improvement of non-centralized water sources using the developed methodology for a comprehensive hygienic and environmental estimation of the state of non-centralized sources of drinking water supply in an emergency. The work uses the results of many years of sanitary and hygienic survey and laboratory studies of water from communal sources of non-centralized drinking water supply. The following main indicators have been determined for a comprehensive hygienic and environmental estimation of the state of non-centralized water sources: the degree of compliance of the water source with the established sanitary, hygienic and sanitary technical regulations and requirements; compliance with the sanitary protection zones; the sanitary and educational, aesthetic and artistic design of water sources; the level of improvement of the territory surrounding the water sources; the water quality of the water sources according to the results of laboratory tests for a certain period. Each of the five indicators was estimated according to the 12-point grading scale with the subsequent summation of points in order to provide for the final result of a comprehensive estimation. Considering the successful holding of a competitive tender for the improvement of non-centralized water supply sources using the developed methodology for a comprehensive hygienic and environmental estimation of the state of non-centralized drinking water supply sources in an area with severe shortages of drinking tap water, extending the experience of these measures to other administrative territories in a similar situation is recommended.

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Using Double-Bounded Dichotomous-Choice to Estimate Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in Bac Ninh Province of Vietnam

10.20944/preprints201909.0259.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nguyen Van Song ◽

Vu Ngoc Huyen ◽

Le Thi Phuong Dung

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Willingness To Pay ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Dichotomous Choice ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Industrial Parks ◽

The Government

This study used double-bounded dichotomous-choice to estimate and analyze the factors affecting households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for water quality improvement. This study notes that households with higher income, living near polluted water source, using tap water instead of natural water, who are handicraft producers, and who have more members are willing to pay more. However, households who rarely hear about environmental pollution issues and who are offered a higher bid are more likely to refuse to pay. Solutions to improve water quality are suggested such as to raise people's awareness through communication channels and social organizations; to increase income associated with environmental protection policies; to construct of wastewater treatment plants; to encourage the relocation of production establishments to industrial parks and industrial complexes; to put regulations on collection, payment and sanctions in case of not declaring and paying fees into village conventions; to promulgate circulars, and bylaws to concretize and simplify regulations and policies of the Government, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

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