Determination of developmental toxicity of zebrafish exposed to propyl gallate dosed lower than ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake)

Background: Re-evaluation of the use of glutamic acid and glutamate salts (referred to as glutamate hereafter) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. Summary: This ADI is below the normal dietary intake, while even intake of free glutamate by breast-fed babies can be above this ADI. In addition, the pre-natal developmental toxicity study selected by EFSA, has never been used by regulatory authorities worldwide for the safety assessment of glutamate despite it being available for nearly 40 years. Also, the EFSA ignored that toxicokinetic data provide support for eliminating the use of an uncertainty factor for interspecies differences in kinetics. Key Messages: A 3-generation reproductive toxicity study in mice that includes extensive brain histopathology, provides a better point of departure showing no effects up to the highest dose tested of 6,000 mg/kg bw/day. Furthermore, kinetic data support use of a compound-specific uncertainty factor of 25 instead of 100. Thus, an ADI of at least 240 mg/kg bw/day would be indicated. In fact, there is no compelling evidence to indicate that the previous ADI of “not specified” warrants any change.

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Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Broilers Reared in Makurdi Metropolis

Nigerian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/nvj.v40i4.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 315-325

Author(s):

J.O. Bosha ◽

C.A. Akwuobu ◽

P.A. Onyeyili

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Assay Method ◽

Lower Income ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Maximum Residue Limits ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Rational Use Of Antibiotics ◽

Tetracycline Residues

Tetracycline residues in broiler tissues were assayed using a microbiological assay method. A total of four hundred samples representing one hundred samples of liver, kidney, lungs and breast muscles each, were collected from five different farms within Makurdi Metropolis. The analysis showed a total of 70 % residue incidence with the liver having 60 %, Kidney 31 %, lungs 14 % and muscles 5 % of the total. The highest concentration, of 6 µg/kg, was seen in the liver from farm 1, which had an incidence of 50 %, with the liver contributing 90 % of the incidence. Farm 2 had an incidence of 75 %, in which the liver contributed with 50 % of the cases. Farm 3 had a 100 % incidence, with the liver contributing with 75 % of the cases. Farm 4 had 75 % incidence, with the liver involved in all cases. Farm 5 had a 50 % incidence, all from the liver and kidney. Despite the higher incidence of 70 %, all the values were significantly (p < 0.01), lower than the recommended Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) or Tolerance of 600, 300 and 200 µg/kg for the liver, kidney and muscle respectively. The values were also in accordance within the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-30 µg/kg, recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. This may be an indication of the rational use of antibiotics in good agricultural management in the selected farms in Makurdi Metropolis. Significantly, it shows that this method can be used mathematically to quantify drug residues in lower income areas. Key words: Tetracyclines, Residues, Broilers, Makurdi, Determination.

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Determination of Methomyl Residues in Bohe by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS)

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2020/8817964 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Yao Zheng ◽

Addotey Tracy Naa Adoley ◽

Benkhelifa Fateh ◽

Wei Wu ◽

Gengdong Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Residue Level ◽

Time Interval ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Sensitive Method

The aim of this work is to investigate the presence of methomyl pesticide residue and the rate of disappearance in mint cultivated in the aquaponics system based on the application of UPLC-MS to establish a safety time interval before crop harvesting. Results showed that an effective and sensitive method based on UPLC-MS has been used for the determination of methomyl pesticide residues in mint. The initial residue level was much higher in roots (79.52 μg/kg), and it can be decreased to 16.73 (after 15 days) μg/kg and 3.31 (20 days) μg/kg, while the least was detected on the mix leaves and stems (44.54 μg/kg), and it can be decreased to 15.35 (after 20 days). In our case, we suggest that a safety interval in the range of 15–20 days should be allowed after the detection of methomyl in water, and the concentration of methomyl was lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) (20 μg/kg).

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Corrigendum to “Zeaxanthin: Review of Toxicological Data and Acceptable Daily Intake”

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2019/6212745 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

James A. Edwards ◽

Dirk Cremer

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Developmental Toxicity ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Safety Data ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Fetal Toxicity ◽

Toxicological Data

Zeaxanthin is a nutritional carotenoid with a considerable amount of safety data based on regulatory studies, which forms the basis of its safety evaluation. Subchronic OECD guideline studies with mice and rats receiving beadlet formulations of high-purity synthetic zeaxanthin in the diet at dosages up to 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day, and in dogs at over 400 mg/kg bw/day, produced no adverse effects or histopathological changes. In developmental toxicity studies, there was no evidence of fetal toxicity or teratogenicity in rats or rabbits at dosages up to 1000 or 400 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Formulated zeaxanthin was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a series of in vitro and in vivo tests for genotoxicity. A 52-week chronic oral study in cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0.2 and 20 mg/kg bw/day, mainly designed to assess accumulation and effects in primate eyes, showed no adverse effects. In a two-generation study in rats, the NOAEL was 150 mg/kg bw/day. In 2012, this dosage was used by EFSA (NDA Panel), in association with a 200-fold safety factor, to propose an acceptable daily intake equivalent to 53 mg/day for a 70 kg adult. The requested use level of 2 mg/day was ratified by the EU Commission. Recent reevaluation of the data from the two-generation study indicated that the NOAEL should be redefined as the high dosage of 500 mg/kg bw/day, rather than the intermediate dosage of 150 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL of this study was formally amended to the high dosage. Also in 2018, JECFA raised the group ADI of lutein and zeaxanthin to “not specified,” due to the low toxicity of these substances.

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Zeaxanthin: Review of Toxicological Data and Acceptable Daily Intake

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2016/3690140 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

James A. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Developmental Toxicity ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Safety Data ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Fetal Toxicity ◽

Toxicological Data

Zeaxanthin is a nutritional carotenoid with a considerable amount of safety data based on regulatory studies, which form the basis of its safety evaluation. Subchronic OECD guideline studies with mice and rats receiving beadlet formulations of high purity synthetic zeaxanthin in the diet at dosages up to 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day, and in dogs at over 400 mg/kg bw/day, produced no adverse effects or histopathological changes. In developmental toxicity studies, there was no evidence of fetal toxicity or teratogenicity in rats or rabbits at dosages up to 1000 or 400 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Formulated zeaxanthin was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a series ofin vitroandin vivotests for genotoxicity. A 52-week chronic oral study in Cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0.2 and 20 mg/kg bw/day, mainly designed to assess accumulation and effects in primate eyes, showed no adverse effects. In a rat two-generation study, the NOAEL was 150 mg/kg bw/day. In 2012, this dosage was used by EFSA (NDA Panel), in association with a 200-fold safety factor, to propose an Acceptable Daily Intake equivalent to 53 mg/day for a 70 kg adult. The requested use level of 2 mg/day was ratified by the EU Commission.

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Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Some Vegetables Grown in Kavrepalanchok and Bhaktapur Districts

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v13i2.7713 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Deepa Shree Rawal ◽

N Rana ◽

S Shrestha ◽

J Sijapati

Keyword(s):

Pesticide Residues ◽

Methyl Parathion ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Kathmandu Valley ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Environmental Matrices ◽

Essential Requirement ◽

Food Quality Control ◽

Food Commodities

Pesticides have wide spread use and their toxic residues have been reported in various environmental matrices. Thus, the determination of pesticide residues in food commodities such as vegetables, cereals, fruits, and other environmental components like soil, water has become increasingly essential requirement for consumers, producers and authorities for food quality control. Therefore, monitoring of residue level and exposure assessment of organophosphate group of pesticides namely dichlorovos and methyl parathion was carried out in 30 winter and summer vegetables supplied in Kathmandu valley. It was found that the MRL value of dichlorovos exceeded in three types of vegetables whereas in case of methyl parathion the MRL value exceeded in two types of vegetables only. The estimated average daily intake (EADI) of dichlorovos exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) in 18 vegetables, whereas, regarding methyl parathion the EADI exceeded the ADI in 10 types of vegetables. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 45-50 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7713

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Investigation on amitraz, coumaphos and thymol concentrations in honey produced by Slovenian beekeepers in 2020

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.1833 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Helena BAŠA ČESNIK ◽

Veronika KMECL

Keyword(s):

Chronic Exposure ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Acute Exposure ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Gas Chromatograph ◽

Conventional Production ◽

Heptafluorobutyric Anhydride

A survey on concentrations of veterinary drug residues amitraz, coumaphos and thymol in honey, produced in year 2020 by Slovenian beekeepers, was conducted. 100 samples were analysed: 22 from organic and 78 from conventional production, with two analytical methods. In method for determination of coumaphos and thymol samples were extracted with acetone, petroleumether and dichlorometane. In method for determination of amitraz and its degradation products, samples were hydrolisated with HCl and NaOH, extractied with n-hexane and derivatisated with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. Determination in both methods was performed with gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer. Measured concentrations of amitraz, coumaphos and thymol were in the range of 0.01-0.12 mg kg-1, 0.02-0.06 mg kg-1 and 0.08-0.17 mg kg-1, respectively. In 61 % of samples analysed no residues of amitraz, thymol and coumaphos were found. Data obtained were compared with the data from literature. Chronic and acute exposure were calculated for consumers. Maximum chronic exposure for amitraz and thymol was 0.1 % and 0.05 % of acceptable daily intake, respectively. Maximum acute exposure for amitraz and thymol was 4 % and 0.8 % of acute reference dose, respectively

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Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India)

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401314666181002143352 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 685-693

Author(s):

Arushi Jain ◽

Pulkit Mathur

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Food Intake ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Food Sources ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Food Record ◽

Government Schools ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Food Items ◽

Permissible Levels

Background: Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Objective: The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India. Methods: A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure. Results: The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI. Conclusion: Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.

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Aspartame and cancer – new evidence for causation

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-021-00725-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Philip J. Landrigan ◽

Kurt Straif

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽

International Agency ◽

Advisory Group ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

New Findings

Abstract Background Aspartame is one of the world’s most widely used artificial sweeteners and is an ingredient in more than 5000 food products globally. A particularly important use is in low-calorie beverages consumed by children and pregnant women. The Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported in 2006 and 2007 that aspartame causes dose-related increases in malignant tumors in multiple organs in rats and mice. Increased cancer risk was seen even at low exposure levels approaching the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Prenatal exposures caused increased malignancies in rodent offspring at lower doses than in adults. These findings generated intense controversy focused on the accuracy of RI’s diagnoses of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors (HLTs). Critics made the claim that pulmonary lesions observed in aspartame-exposed animals were inflammatory lesions caused by Mycoplasma infection rather than malignant neoplasms. Methods To address this question, RI subjected all HLTs from aspartame-exposed animals to immunohistochemical analysis using a battery of markers and to morphological reassessment using the most recent Internationally Harmonized Nomenclature and Diagnostic (INHAND) criteria. Findings This immunohistochemical and morphological re-evaluation confirmed the original diagnoses of malignancy in 92.3% of cases. Six lesions originally diagnosed as lymphoma (8% of all HLTs) were reclassified: 3 to lymphoid hyperplasia, and 3 to chronic inflammation with fibrosis. There was no evidence of Mycoplasma infection. Interpretation These new findings confirm that aspartame is a chemical carcinogen in rodents. They confirm the very worrisome finding that prenatal exposure to aspartame increases cancer risk in rodent offspring. They validate the conclusions of the original RI studies. These findings are of great importance for public health. In light of them, we encourage all national and international public health agencies to urgently reexamine their assessments of aspartame’s health risks - especially the risks of prenatal and early postnatal exposures. We call upon food agencies to reassess Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) levels for aspartame. We note that an Advisory Group to the International Agency for Research on Cancer has recommended high-priority reevaluation of aspartame’s carcinogenicity to humans.

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