Immunohistochemical detection of human milk components aspirated in lungs of an infant

The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during the first months of life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems in the different gut compartments. This process is highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial gut colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive and immune homeostasis but also metabolism and behavior. The early life period is therefore a “window of opportunity” to program health through microbiota modulation. However, the implementation of this promising strategy requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing gut microbiota assembly. Breastfeeding has been associated with a healthy microbiota in infants. Human milk is a complex food matrix, with numerous components that potentially influence the infant microbiota composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or by limiting the growth of others. The objective of this review is to describe human milk composition and to discuss the established or purported roles of human milk components upon gut microbiota establishment. Finally, the impact of maternal diet on human milk composition is reviewed to assess how maternal diet could be a simple and efficient approach to shape the infant gut microbiota.

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Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Infant Weight in the First 6 Months of Life (P11-053-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz048.p11-053-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paige Berger ◽

Jasmine Plows ◽

Roshonda Jones ◽

Tanya Alderete ◽

Chloe Yonemitsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Human Milk ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Total Sample ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Secretor Status ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Milk Components ◽

Infant Weight Gain

Abstract Objectives The effects of breastfeeding on reduced risk of obesity are inconclusive, although smaller studies suggest that specific human milk components may be relevant to infant weight gain. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether individual human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in the first month of life are associated with infant weight in the first 6 months of life. A secondary aim was to assess associations separately by HMO secretor status. Methods Participants were 156 Hispanic mother-infant pairs. Breast milk was collected at 1 month. HMO composition was analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and HMO secretor status was determined by the presence or near absence of 2’-fucosyllactose or lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months, and infant weight-for-age z scores (WAZ) and WAZ changes were calculated. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the effect of HMO composition on WAZ, adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, infant age, sex, and birth weight. Results In the total sample, HMO composition at 1 month was not significantly associated with WAZ at 1 month. In the total sample, higher LNFPII at 1 month predicted lower WAZ gain (β = –0.27, P = 0.01) and lower WAZ status (β = –0.26, P = 0.01) at 6 months. In infants of secretor mothers, higher LNFPII at 1 month predicted lower WAZ gain at 6 months (β = –0.23, P = 0.02); in infants of non-secretor mothers, LNFPII at 1 month predicted lower WAZ status at 6 months (β = –0.40, P = 0.03). Similar significant associations were observed when infant weight replaced WAZ in the models. No other HMOs were significantly related to infant WAZ or weight. Conclusions Our data suggest that greater exposure to LNFPII in the first month of life may be protective against rapid infant weight gain in the first 6 months, regardless of HMO secretor status. These findings provide additional evidence that specific human milk components may diminish infant obesity risk. Funding Sources Supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH R01 DK110793) and the Gerber Foundation.

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Effects of Gestational Stage at Delivery on Human Milk Components

Handbook of Milk Composition ◽

10.1016/b978-012384430-9/50013-5 ◽

1995 ◽

pp. 222-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

STEPHANIE A. ATKINSON

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Milk Components ◽

Gestational Stage

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Air and Water Processes Do Not Produce the Same High-Quality Pasteurization of Donor Human Milk

Journal of Human Lactation ◽

10.1177/0890334417707962 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 717-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rachel Buffin ◽

Pierre Pradat ◽

Jocelyne Trompette ◽

Isabelle Ndiaye ◽

Eliane Basson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Total Duration ◽

High Quality ◽

Routine Treatment ◽

Donor Human Milk ◽

Milk Components ◽

Milk Banks

Background: Holder pasteurization is the most commonly used technique in milk banks worldwide, but higher temperatures and longer pasteurization time have been associated with damage to the immune components of human milk. Research aim: This study aimed to assess the detailed pattern of pasteurization temperature using two water pasteurizers (WP1 and WP2) and one air pasteurizer (AP). Methods: The milk temperature during each phase of the pasteurization cycle was recorded using 6 to 9 probes, depending on the number of bottles, in the pasteurizers. We used 90 to 200 ml bottles to assess the effect of volume on milk temperature. Results: The time to heat the milk from room temperature to 58°C was 12.4, 12.9, and 64.5 min, respectively, for WP1, WP2, and the AP ( p < .0001). The duration of the plateau was 35.5, 35.2, and 45.8 min ( p < .0001). The duration of exposure to a temperature above 58°C was 49.6, 40.7, and 76.2 min ( p < .0001). The total duration of a full cycle was 79, 66, and 182 min ( p < .0001). The duration of exposure above 58°C for the different volumes of milk treated showed no difference when using WP1 but was significantly longer in small volumes when using WP2. Conclusion: Human milk treated using the air pasteurizer in our study was exposed to higher temperatures and for longer periods of time than the water pasteurizers we employed. Regular qualification of pasteurizers is requested when evaluating the effect of pasteurization on milk components and for routine treatment of human milk in milk banks.

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Foods and Food Ingredients for Prevention of Diarrheal Disease in Children in Developing Countries

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-51.1.66 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 66-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

N. R. REDDY ◽

S. M. ROTH ◽

W. N. EIGEL ◽

M. D. PIERSON

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Human Milk ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Fermented Foods ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Milk Components ◽

Potential Food ◽

Children Under 5

Increased awareness of the morbidity and mortality attributed to diarrheal disease among children under 5 years of age in developing countries has led to a variety of approaches aimed toward prevention. In this review, foods and food ingredients which appear to be most effective in prevention of diarrheal disease in infants are considered. The effect of each of the following potential food or food ingredient categories on the control or prevention of diarrheal disease is discussed: human milk components, antibodies, probiotics, and fermented foods.

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Circadian Variation in Human Milk Composition, a Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2328

Author(s):

Merel F. Italianer ◽

Eva F. G. Naninck ◽

Jorine A. Roelants ◽

Gijsbertus T. J. van der Horst ◽

Irwin K. M. Reiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Methodological Quality ◽

Circadian Variation ◽

Biological Clock ◽

Sampling Strategy ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Milk Components ◽

Milk Component ◽

Study Characteristics ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale

Background: Breastfeeding is considered the most optimal mode of feeding for neonates and mothers. Human milk changes over the course of lactation in order to perfectly suit the infant’s nutritional and immunological needs. Its composition also varies throughout the day. Circadian fluctuations in some bioactive components are suggested to transfer chronobiological information from mother to child to assist the development of the biological clock. This review aims to give a complete overview of studies examining human milk components found to exhibit circadian variation in their concentration. Methods: We included studies assessing the concentration of a specific human milk component more than once in 24 h. Study characteristics, including gestational age, lactational stage, sampling strategy, analytical method, and outcome were extracted. Methodological quality was graded using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: A total of 83 reports assessing the circadian variation in the concentration of 71 human milk components were included. Heterogeneity among studies was high. The methodological quality varied widely. Significant circadian variation is found in tryptophan, fats, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, iron, melatonin, cortisol, and cortisone. This may play a role in the child’s growth and development in terms of the biological clock.

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Can breastfeeding protect against antimicrobial resistance?

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-020-01862-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maya L. Nadimpalli ◽

Claire D. Bourke ◽

Ruairi C. Robertson ◽

Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau ◽

Amee R. Manges ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Human Milk ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Newborn Health ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Main Body ◽

Gut Health ◽

Middle Income ◽

Milk Components

Abstract Background The proportion of infections among young children that are antimicrobial-resistant is increasing across the globe. Newborns may be colonized with enteric antimicrobial-resistant pathogens early in life, which is a risk factor for infection-related morbidity and mortality. Breastfeeding is actively promoted worldwide for its beneficial impacts on newborn health and gut health. However, the role of breastfeeding and human milk components in mitigating young children’s carriage of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes has not been comprehensively explored. Main body Here, we review how the act of breastfeeding, early breastfeeding, and/or human milk components, such as the milk microbiota, secretory IgA, human milk oligosaccharides, antimicrobial peptides, and microRNA -bearing extracellular vesicles, could play a role in preventing the establishment of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in young children’s developing gut microbiomes. We describe findings from recent human studies that support this concept. Conclusion Given the projected rise in global morbidity and mortality that will stem from antimicrobial-resistant infections, identifying behavioral or nutritional interventions that could decrease children’s susceptibility to colonization with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens may be one strategy for protecting their health. We suggest that breastfeeding and human milk supplements deserve greater attention as potential preventive measures in the global effort to combat antimicrobial resistance, particularly in low- and middle-income settings.

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