Rigid filler particles in a rubber matrix: effective force constants by multipolar expansion

Abstract The changes of the filler morphology of SBR vulcanizates loaded with 10 phr carbon black (N234 and N990) subjected to large strains were studied by Atomic Force Microscopy and image analysis. It was found that the filler particles tend to align in the force field. The average distance of the filler particles at the surface in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the strain direction is much smaller then according to affine deformation. The measurements give evidence of the inhomogeneous deformation of the rubber matrix and demonstrate the onset of failure at large deformation.

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Pseudo-Ductility, Morphology and Fractography Resulting from the Synergistic Effect of CaCO3 and Bentonite in HDPE Polymer Nano Composite

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13153333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 3333

Author(s):

Tauseef Ahmed ◽

Hamdan H. Ya ◽

Rehan Khan ◽

Abdul Munir Hidayat Syah Lubis ◽

Shuhaimi Mahadzir

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Filler Particle ◽

Stress Transfer ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

High Strength ◽

Type I ◽

Nano Composite ◽

Rigid Particles ◽

Rigid Filler ◽

Filler Particles

Polymeric materials such as High density polyethylene(HDPE) are ductile in nature, having very low strength. In order to improve strength by non-treated rigid fillers, polymeric materials become extremely brittle. Therefore, this work focuses on achieving pseudo-ductility (high strength and ductility) by using a combination of rigid filler particles (CaCO3 and bentonite) instead of a single non-treated rigid filler particle. The results of all tensile-tested (D638 type i) samples signify that the microstructural features and surface properties of rigid nano fillers can render the required pseudo-ductility. The maximum value of tensile strength achieved is 120% of the virgin HDPE, and the value of elongation is retained by 100%. Furthermore, the morphological and fractographic analysis revealed that surfactants are not always going to obtain polymer–filler bonding, but the synergistic effect of filler particles can carry out sufficient bonding for stress transfer. Moreover, pseudo-ductility was achieved by a combination of rigid fillers (bentonite and CaCO3) when the content of bentonite dominated as compared to CaCO3. Thus, the achievement of pseudo-ductility by the synergistic effect of rigid particles is the significance of this study. Secondly, this combination of filler particles acted as an alternative for the application of surfactant and compatibilizer so that adverse effect on mechanical properties can be avoided.

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Variation in frequencies of confined longitudinal-optical phonon modes due to changes in the effective force constants near heterojunction interfaces

Superlattices and Microstructures ◽

10.1016/0749-6036(90)90123-o ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 115-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M.A. Stroscio ◽

K.W. Kim ◽

J.C. Hall

Keyword(s):

Optical Phonon ◽

Longitudinal Optical ◽

Force Constants ◽

Longitudinal Optical Phonon ◽

Phonon Modes ◽

Effective Force

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Fatigue Behavior in Filled Natural Rubber: Study of the Mechanical Damage Dynamics

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.666 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 488-489 ◽

pp. 666-669 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Luisa Munoz ◽

Loïc Vanel ◽

Olivier Sanseau ◽

Paul Sotta ◽

Didier Long ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Crack Path ◽

Fatigue Behavior ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Rupture Dynamics ◽

Complex Process ◽

Long Time ◽

Damage Dynamics ◽

Filler Particles

Rupture dynamics in reinforced elastomers is a much more complex process than in pure elastomers due to the intrinsic heterogeneous mixture of a rubber matrix with filler particles at submicronic scale. In the case of natural rubber, an additional source of heterogeneity is the strain-crystallization effect. How rupture dynamics and crack path are affected by filler particles and strain-crystallization is still a matter of debate. Actually, understanding how rupture dynamics and crack path are correlated to each other is probably an important key in order to improve long time resistance of reinforced rubbers.

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A theoretical analysis of the strength of composite gels with rigid filler particles

Polymer Engineering & Science ◽

10.1002/pen.760341802 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 34 (18) ◽

pp. 1369-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Y. C. Gao ◽

J. Lelievre

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Analysis ◽

Composite Gels ◽

Rigid Filler ◽

Filler Particles

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LATTICE DYNAMICS OF NICKEL

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p67-128 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 1655-1660 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. P. Singh

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Specific Heat ◽

Debye Temperature ◽

Density Of States ◽

Elastic Constants ◽

Lattice Dynamics ◽

Vibration Spectrum ◽

Force Constants ◽

Effective Force ◽

Good Agreement

The vibration spectrum of the nickel lattice has been calculated using the simple de Launay method with values for the effective force constants determined from published experimental data for the elastic constants. The density-of-states curve reproduces the same general features found by Birgeneau et al. (1964) using a fourth-neighbor model. The Debye temperature at 0 °K is found to be 474 °K in good agreement with the experimental value of 468 °K, and the calculated variation of the Debye temperature with temperature agrees quite well with that deduced from measurements of the specific heat.

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Thermoelastic properties nanocomposite chloroprene of rubber with montmorilonit

Кераміка наука і життя ◽

10.26909/csl.4.2020.3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

S.M. Ponomarenko

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Energy ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Thermoelastic Properties ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Main Method ◽

Mechanical Hysteresis ◽

Filler Particles ◽

Ceramic Fillers ◽

Reinforcement Factor ◽

Interplanar Space

The problem that arises during the operation of tires is cyclic deformation, in which there is a conversion of mechanical energy into heat. However, due to the low thermal conductivity of rubber, repeated cyclic loads of products based on them lead to heating, which is due to the phenomenon of mechanical hysteresis. The consequence is a deterioration of their performance over time and, as a consequence, a reduction in service life. The main method for increasing the interfacial interaction for ceramic fillers is to ensure the penetration of rubber molecules into the interplanar space (gallery) formed by the filler particles (intercalation), and the subsequent distribution of these nanoplates (exfoliation) to a thickness of several nanometers throughout the field. The aim of this work is to study the thermoelastic properties of rubbers made on the basis of nanosized mineral filler montmorillonite, which may indicate a way to solve the problem of their durability. It was investigate the influence of modified nanosize montmorilonit on thermoelastic properties of rubber composites on it basis. It is rotined that thermoelastic properties described a model, which takes into account holdings of local increase of tension for a rubber matrix and destruction of spatial net of nanoparticles with the increase of strein, which results in exotherms which show up as a result of friction between the filler particles. Quantitative analysis of the thermoelastic properties of rubber nanocomposites provides additional confirmation of the concept of the reinforcement factor, which depends on the deformation, and determines the thermoelastic properties of nanocomposites for the whole range of relative elongations.

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Limiting Law of the Reinforcement of Rubber

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3546730 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 292-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hugh M. Smallwood

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Experimental Data ◽

Particle Size ◽

Zinc Oxide ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Filler Particle ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Volume Loading ◽

Volume Percentage ◽

Filler Particles

Abstract 1. Analysis shows that, subject to certain limitations, the modulus of a loaded stock (M*) depends on the modulus of the rubber matrix (M), according to the equation: M*=M(1+2.5ϕ) where 100ϕ is the volume percentage of filler. When these limitations are fulfilled, the effect of compounding on modulus is, therefore, independent of the particle size of the filler. The assumptions on which this equation is founded are as follows: (1) the filler particles are spherical; (2) there is complete adhesion between rubber and filler; (3) the elongation is small; (4) the filler is completely dispersed; (5) the volume loading is small; (6) the filler particles are sufficiently large that the molecular structure of the rubber may be neglected. 2. The stresses about a filler particle have been derived mathematically. 3. Experimental data check the calculations for the following fillers: P-33, Thermax, and whiting. Catalpo clay presents some anomalies because of its acicular particles. 4. Carbon black does not conform to the calculations. This is attributed to the fact that it is strongly flocculated in rubber. 5. Zinc oxide (Kadox or XX zinc oxide), which should conform, because it is well dispersed in rubber, causes abnormally large increases in modulus, presumably because of alteration of the type of cure and consequent alteration of the modulus of the rubber matrix.

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Atomic Force Microscopy of Elastomers: Morphology, Distribution of Filler Particles, and Adhesion Using Chemically Modified Tips

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3538838 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 862-875 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

D. Trifonova-Van Haeringen ◽

H. Schönherr ◽

G. J. Vancso ◽

L. van der Does ◽

J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atomic Force Microscopy ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Phase Imaging ◽

Silane Coupling Agents ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Silica Filler ◽

Filler Particles

Abstract The microdispersion of silica and carbon black-based filler particles in unvulcanized and vulcanized ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubbers was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Tapping mode phase imaging was found to be particularly useful for imaging of the filler aggregates and for the visualization of single primary filler particles. It was demonstrated that the use of silane coupling agents significantly improves the microdispersion of silica filler in the rubber matrix, as compared to (a) silica without coupling agent, and (b) to carbon black. These results correlate very well with the observed mechanical properties of the materials. In addition, adhesion imaging and the analysis of measured pull-off forces allowed us to differentiate between the filler particles and the rubber matrix, as well as between different types of filler particles. The application of chemically modified AFM tips in pull-off force measurements allowed us to monitor the increase of the hydrophilicity as a result of plasma treatment of the surface of crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane), and as a result of chlorination of butyl rubber.

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