PMS30 MEDICINE TREATMENT COST OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH BIOLOGICAL DRUGS

Objectives: To assess the effect of electronic acupuncture combined with “Tam ty thang” remedy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by wind-cold-damp. Materials and methods: prospective study, comparing before and after treatment, including 43 patients who were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis by wind-cold-damp according to traditional medicine. Results: good level occupied 69,8%, and fair good level occupied 30,2%.The improved motor function accounted for 95.3%, to relieve pain up to 95,3%, reducing inflammation of VSS in 1 hour at the moment No 31,65, N28 17,88. The improvement in the level of activity of the hand reached 48,8% for good level. Conclusions: The method of electronic acupuncture combined with “Tam ty thang” remedy have a good effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by wind-cold-damp and it didn’t cause significantly side effects in clinic. Key words: rheumatoid arthritis, electronic acupuncture, “Tam ty thang” remedy

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Rheumatoid arthritis and the evolution of therapy: from symptomatic to bench-to-bedside biological drugs

Future Rheumatology ◽

10.2217/17460816.2.2.143 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 143-152

Author(s):

Cédric Lukas ◽

Bernard Combe ◽

Jacques Morel

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Biological Drugs

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AB0655 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ACTIVITY BEFORE AND AFTER COVID-19 LOCKDOWN PERIOD

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.576 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1360.1-1360

Author(s):

M. Jordhani ◽

D. Ruci ◽

F. Skana ◽

E. Memlika

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

World Population ◽

Chronic Patients ◽

Das 28 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After

Background:The COVID-19 global pandemic has had a great impact on world population due to morbidity, mortality and restriction measures in order to stop the progression of COVID-19.Patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletic diseases, and especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, being one of the vulnerable classes of chronic patients, were recommended to follow the government’s rules1.Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate DAS-28-ESR in patients with rheumatoid arthritis before and after lockdown period.Methods:This is a multi-center observational study including 85 patients which were evaluated before and after lockdown for their disease activity score according to DAS-28-ESR score. They had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis more than 5 years ago. A thorough physical examination was performed before and after the lockdown period. It included examination of tender and swollen joints and patient’s global health. They were completed with all required laboratory data, including erythrosedimentation rate. For a more accurate calculation, DAS-28-ESR was used in an electronic version. Patients with other inflammatory or infective diseases were excluded from the study. All data were statistically evaluated using statistical tests such as t-student test.Results:The first group (the one before lockdown) had an average DAS-28-ESR of 4.7 while after the lockdown period, the average DAS-28-ESR was 5.16.After statistically evaluating all data, it was found that there exists a significant difference between DAS-28-ESR score before and after COVID-19 lockdown (p=0.0011).Conclusion:Our study showed that lockdown period due to COVID-19 pandemic, has aggravated disease activity in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. This may be consequence of various causes such as physical inactivity and difficulty to follow-up or to take the medication properly.References:[1]Landewé RB, Machado PM, Kroon F, et al, EULAR provisional recommendations for the management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the context of SARS-CoV-2, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2020;79:851-858.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

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FRI0612-HPR EFFECT OF THERMOFORMABLE ORTHOSES ON FOOT FUNCTION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM AN OPEN CLINICAL TRIAL.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 911.2-912

Author(s):

I. Aachari ◽

H. Rkain ◽

F. Safaa ◽

L. Benzakour ◽

T. Latifa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Small Sample ◽

Activity Limitation ◽

Foot Orthoses ◽

Functional Impact ◽

Pain Disability ◽

Before And After ◽

Foot Function ◽

The Impact

Background:Orthoses and footwear can play an important role in managing foot pathology in patients whose systemic disease is controlled. Foot orthoses are frequently prescribed in clinical practice as an intervention for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Objectives:The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of thermoformable orthoses on the functional index of the foot (FFI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods:We conducted an open clinical trial, having consecutively included 14 patients (85.7% female, average age 54.8 ± 10 years) suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (median progression time of 9 years [5 - 12]). The average DAS28 was 2.7 ± 1.2 and the functional impact objectified by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was on average 0.9 ± 0.7.The median deadline from the start of RA and the onset of the foot problem was 3 years [0 – 7,75]. The foot problem was bilateral in 100% of the cases and inaugural in 85.7% of the cases.We evaluated the functional impact of foot injury for all our patients at baseline and 8 weeks after the use of thermoformable orthoses, based on the FFI (Foot function Index) measuring the impact of foot pathology on function in terms of pain, disability and activity limitation.The comparison of the FFI domains before and after the use of orthoses was carried out using parametric or nonparametric paired tests using The SPSS statistical software.Results:With the use of foot orthoses, FFI values decreased in all subscales (p=0,024) (pain, disability and activity limitation). This reduction was significant for disability (0,011) but not for pain and activity limitation.There were no significant correlations between the global FFI and the progression of RA, the duration of foot damage and the functional impact measured by the HAQ.Table 1. The comparison of the FFI domains before and after the use of orthoses.psignificatif if< 0,05; Test used: Non-parametric test for two linked samples.Conclusion:Foot orthoses were effective as an adjuvant in the management of rheumatoid foot. They significantly reduced disability as measured by the FFI. The absence of factors associated with pain and limitation of activity could possibly be related to the small sample size.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Sick Leave Before and After Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - A Report from the Swedish TIRA Project

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.080523c1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 681.1-681 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M Björk ◽

I Thyberg ◽

K Rikner ◽

I Balogh ◽

B Gerdle

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Sick Leave ◽

Before And After

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THU0206 А VERY EARLY (7-28 DAYS) RESPONSE ON JAK INHIBITOR TOFACITINIB IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: EFFECT ON PAIN AND CENTRAL SENSITIZATION.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 327.3-327

Author(s):

A. Karateev ◽

E. Filatova ◽

E. Pogozheva ◽

V. Amirdzhanova ◽

E. Nasonov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Central Sensitization ◽

Early Time ◽

National Registry ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Pain Severity ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Jak Inhibitor ◽

Jak Inhibitors ◽

Biological Drugs

Background:The presence of central sensitization (CS) significantly burdens the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). JAK inhibitors block intracellular signal pathways including the ones responsible for synthesis of mediators and cytokines causing pain and CS. The application of JAK inhibitors is supposed to relieve pain and reduce CS severity promptly.Objectives:To evaluate JAK inhibitor effect on pain and signs of CS in patients with active RA 7 and 28 days after the start of therapy.Methods:Study group included 39 patients with RA, their age was 50.9±11.1, 79.5% of women, 89.7% of RF “+”, DAS28 5.8±0.6, receiving DMARDs (methotrexate 82.0% and leflunomide 18.0%), who were administered with tofacitinib 5 mg 2 times a day due to inefficiency or intolerance of genetically engineered biological drugs. There were assessed the pain severity using Brief pain inventory (BPI) questionnaire, the presence of neuropathic pain component (NPC) using PainDETECT questionnaire and signs of CS using Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) questionnaire at early time after tofacitinib administration.Results:Patients initially experienced a severe pain – 5.72±2.21 according to the visual analogue scale (VAS), 53.8% had signs of central sensitization (CSI ≥ 40), 17.9% had NPC (PainDETECT ≥18). 7 days after tofacitinib intake there was statistically reliable reduction of pain severity – up to 4.37±2.2 (р=0.01), pain decrease of 29.4±17.9% (BPI), NCP – PainDETECT from 12.9±5.5 to 10.6±5.6 (р=0.047) and CS – CSI from 43.1±12.8 to 35.9±11.2 (р=0.01). The effect had increased after 28 days: pain level (VAS) was 2.84±1.57 (р=0.000), pain decrease of 43.6±29.6% (BPI), PainDETECT 29.8±12.4 (р=0.000), CSI 26.4±13.9 (р=0.000).During this period there were no serious adverse reactions.Conclusion:The application of JAK inhibitor tofacitinib allows to reach a fast analgesic effect, also due to impact on CS and NCP.Source: National Registry patients with RADisclosure of Interests: :Andrey Karateev: None declared, Ekaterina Filatova: None declared, Elena Pogozheva: None declared, Vera Amirdzhanova: None declared, Evgeny Nasonov: None declared, Alexander Lila: None declared, V Mazurov: None declared, N Lapkina: None declared, Galina Lukina Speakers bureau: Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Abbvie, Biocad, MSD, Roche, Tatiana Salnikova: None declared, Ruzana Samigullina: None declared, Diana Chakieva: None declared, Irina Marusenko: None declared, Olga Semagina: None declared, Marina Semchenkova: None declared

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OP0035 ASSESSMENT OF THE INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS USING COLONIC TISSUES AND SERA

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2642 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 19.2-19

Author(s):

R. Audo ◽

P. Sanchez ◽

J. Mielle ◽

L. Macia ◽

B. Rivière ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Staining Intensity ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Before And After ◽

Colonic Biopsies ◽

Junction Proteins

Background:Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis) (1-3). This microbiota interacts with intestinal epithelium which can lead to an increased intestinal permeability, responsible for the passage of antigens and inflammatory molecules, and can therefore promote systemic inflammation. Gut microbiota tends to normalize with disease control (2), suggesting that systemic inflammation may directly influence the composition of microbiota and the gut barrier. It was shown in many inflammatory diseases that intestinal permeability is impaired, but to date there is very little data in RA.Objectives:In the present study, we evaluate the intestinal permeability in RA patients by analyzing tight junctions in colonic biopsies and serum markers.Methods:Colonic biopsies from 20 RA patients who underwent coloscopy for screening with normal histology were compared with those from 20 age and sex matched controls. ZO-1, occludin and claudin 2 junction proteins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The staining intensity was assessed by two blinded independent readers. The serum concentrations of LPS-binding protein (LBP), CD14s and zonulin were evaluated by ELISA in 25 patients naive of DMARDs, 41 patients before and after introduction of a DMARDs and 21 controls. Elevated zonulin in serum indicates an increase in intestinal permeability while LBP and CD14s indicate bacterial translocation.Results:ZO-1 expression was significantly lower in biopsies from patients with RA than controls (mean score ± SD of 1.6 ± 0.56 vs 2.0 ± 0.43; p = 0.01). Age, sex, disease duration and immunological status did not significantly influence the expression of colonic junction proteins. LBP and CD14s were higher in serum from RA patients naive of DMARDs than controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003). LBP, CD14s and zonulin levels significantly correlated with DAS28 (r = 0.61, p = 0.005; r = 0.51, p = 0.030 and r = 0.46, p = 0.049, respectively). After treatment, unlike non-responders, LBP and CD14s were significantly reduced in DMARD responders and variations in LBP and CD14s significantly correlated with changes in DAS28 (r = 0.46, p = 0.002 and r = 0, 33 and p = 0.030, respectively).Conclusion:This work is one of the first to explore intestinal permeability in RA and to show altered tight junction in colonic tissue from RA. This increased intestinal permeability appears to be related to the systemic inflammation. Improving the gut microbiota through food or probiotics could enhance the effect of treatments by limiting this amplification loop of inflammation.References:[1]Horta-Baas G, Romero-Figueroa MDS, Montiel-Jarquin AJ, Pizano-Zarate ML, Garcia-Mena J, Ramirez-Duran N. Intestinal Dysbiosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Link between Gut Microbiota and the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:4835189.[2]Zhang X, Zhang D, Jia H, Feng Q, Wang D, Liang D, et al. The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment. Nat Med. 2015;21(8):895-905.[3]Maeda Y, Kurakawa T, Umemoto E, Motooka D, Ito Y, Gotoh K, et al. Dysbiosis Contributes to Arthritis Development via Activation of Autoreactive T Cells in the Intestine. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(11):2646-61.Disclosure of Interests:Rachel Audo: None declared, Pauline Sanchez: None declared, Julie Mielle: None declared, Laurence Macia: None declared, Benjamin Rivière: None declared, Cédric Lukas: None declared, Bernard Combe: None declared, Jacques Morel: None declared, Claire Daien Speakers bureau: Pfizer roche chugai fresenius BMS msd Novartis galapagos, Consultant of: Abivax abbbvie BMS roche chugai, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, roche-chugai, fresenius, msd

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Acute cold stress in rheumatoid arthritis inadequately activates stress responses and induces an increase of interleukin 6

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/ard.2008.089458 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 572-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

R H Straub ◽

G Pongratz ◽

H Hirvonen ◽

T Pohjolainen ◽

M Mikkelsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Stress Response ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Whole Body ◽

Cold Therapy ◽

Before And After ◽

Sympathetic Stress

Objective:Acute stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should stimulate a strong stress response. After cryotherapy, we expected to observe an increase of hormones of the adrenal gland and the sympathetic nervous system.Methods:A total of 55 patients with RA were recruited for whole-body cryotherapy at −110°C and −60°C, and local cold therapy between −20°C and −30°C for 7 days. We measured plasma levels of steroid hormones, neuropeptide Y (sympathetic marker), and interleukin (IL)6 daily before and after cryotherapy.Results:In both therapy groups with/without glucocorticoids (GC), hormone and IL6 levels at baseline and 5 h after cold stress did not change over 7 days of cryotherapy. In patients without GC, plasma levels of cortisol and androstenedione were highest after −110°C cold stress followed by −60°C or local cold stress. The opposite was found in patients under GC therapy, in whom, unexpectedly, −110°C cold stress elicited the smallest responses. In patients without GC, adrenal cortisol production increased relative to other adrenal steroids, and again the opposite was seen under GC therapy with a loss of cortisol and an increase of dehydroepiandrosterone. Importantly, there was no sympathetic stress response in both groups. Patients without GC and −110°C cold stress demonstrated higher plasma IL6 compared to the other treatment groups (not observed under GC), but they showed the best clinical response.Conclusions:We detected an inadequate stress response in patients with GC. It is further shown that the sympathetic stress response was inadequate in patients with/without GC. Paradoxically, plasma levels of IL6 increased under strong cold stress in patients without GC. These findings confirm dysfunctional stress axes in RA.

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Systemic Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis (EORA) and Young-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis (YORA)—An Observational Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10061204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1204

Author(s):

Bożena Targońska-Stępniak ◽

Krzysztof Grzechnik ◽

Katarzyna Kolarz ◽

Danuta Gągoł ◽

Maria Majdan

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Biological Drugs ◽

Young Onset ◽

Inflammatory Parameters ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Hematological Markers ◽

Specific Subset ◽

Elderly Onset

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occurs more often in elderly individuals. Elderly onset RA (EORA) (onset > 60 years) encompasses a specific subset of patients if compared with young onset RA (YORA) (onset at a younger age). There is a need to define reliable, simple markers to properly assess the inflammatory activity of RA. Hematological markers of systemic inflammation (Platelet-To-Lymphocyte (PLR) and Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte (NLR) ratios) are novel measures of the inflammatory response. The goal of the study was to analyze the course of EORA vs. YORA patients and to assess associations between systemic and clinical disease activity markers, including PLR and NLR, in different subsets of patients. PLR and NLR have not previously been assessed in EORA and YORA. Methods: The study group consisted of 113 consecutive patients (63 EORA and 50 YORA). The following assessments were performed: joint counts, Disease Activity Score (DAS28), complete blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: EORA was characterized by significantly higher disease activity markers (conventional inflammatory and clinical), a lower rate of remission or low disease activity, and less frequent use of biological drugs and glucocorticoids. The NLR and PLR were positively correlated with disease activity markers. The PLR was significantly lower in EORA compared with in YORA. Conclusion: EORA and YORA patients differed significantly. In EORA, conventional disease activity markers were higher, the PLR was significantly lower.

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FRI0488 CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FEATURES OF PATIENTS WITH REMITTING SERONEGATIVE SYMMETRICAL SYNOVITIS WITH PITTING EDEMA COMPARED TO PATIENTS WITH SERONEGATIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 842-843

Author(s):

M. Higashida-Konishi ◽

K. Izumi ◽

S. Hama ◽

Y. Hayashi ◽

Y. Okano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Finger Joints ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of ◽

Rs3pe Syndrome ◽

The Mean ◽

Old Females ◽

Pitting Edema

Background:In the case of seronegative arthritis, it was difficult to make a differential diagnosis between remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome (RS3PE) and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (seronegative RA) because the distribution of affected joints was similar and the patients with RS3PE or seronegative RA may have edema.Objectives:To compare the clinical characteristics of RS3PE and seronegative RAMethods:We retrospectively examine consecutive patients diagnosed with RS3PE or seronegative RA in our hospital from 2007 to 2019. Patients in whom both ACPA and RF were negative were included. The patients with RS3PE met the criteria of McCarty et al.: (1) pitting edema of the dorsum of both hands and both feet, (2) sudden onset of polyarthritis, (3) seronegative for ACPA and RF. (4)no radiologically evident erosions developed. The patients with seronegative RA met the EULAR/ACR 2010 criteria. The patients who were diagnosed with RS3PE at first and then diagnosed with seronegative RA afterward were included in seronegative RA group. The first analysis was performed on the affected joints, CRP, ESR, Hb, LDH, edema, the history of malignancy 2 years before and after the diagnosis, treatment, and the history of infection requiring hospitalization after the start of treatment. The affected joints were shoulders, elbows, wrists, finger joints (the MCP, and PIP joints), hips, knees, ankles, and toe joints (the MTP and PIP joints). The secondary analysis was performed on the above evaluations with a propensity score (PS) matching for age.Results:In the first analysis, 20 patients with RS3PE and 122 patients with seronegative RA were enrolled. The mean ages (RS3PE, seronegative RA) were 81.1, 67.4 years old. Females were 60.0%, 63.1%. The mean observation period was 25.4, 63.6 months. The proportion of affected joints were shoulders (25.0%, 42.6%), elbows (10.0%, 29.5%: p=0.06), wrists (85.0%, 73.8%), finger joints (80.0%, 95.1%: p=0.01), hips (0%, 9.8%), knees (40.0%, 37.7%), ankles (65.0%, 39.3%: p=0.03) and toe joints (40.0%, 32.8%). Edema at diganosis was observed in 100%, 17.21% (p <0.0001). The mean levels of the following blood tests at diagnosis were noted: CRP, 9.0 and 4.8 mg/dL (p=0.02); ESR, 87.6 and 60.7 mm/1h (p=0.003); Hb, 10.4 and 11.8 mg/dl (p=0.001); LDH, 198.3 and 177.9 U/L (p = 0.12); MMP-3, 742.5 and 633.8 ng/mL (p = 0.14). The proportion of patients with high LDH levels (>222 U/L) was 13.6% and 9.0% (p=0.0269). The proportion of patients having the history of malignancy was 20.0%, 8.2% (p=0.10). The patient treated with prednisolone as the initial treatment was 100% and 41.0%; the mean dose was 14.3 and 9.9 mg/d. After the start of treatment, the proportion of infection requiring hospitalization was 20.0 and 3.28% (p=0.002).In the secondary analysis with PS, 17 patients with RS3PE and 17 patients with seronegative RA were enrolled. The mean ages were 80.4, 78.9 years old. Females were 52.9, 76.4%. The affected joints with difference were elbows (11.8, 35.3%: p=0.10), wrists (82.4, 100%: p=0.06), and finger joints (82.4, 100%: p=0.06). The mean levels of Hb at diagnosis was 10.4, 11.4 mg/dL (p=0.01). The proportion of patients having the history of malignancy was 23.5% and 0% (p=0.03). After the start of treatment, the proportion of infection requiring hospitalization was 23.5% and 0% (p=0.03).Conclusion:When the ankles are affected and edema is observed, RS3PE is more likely than seronegative RA. RS3PE had higher levels of CRP, ESR, and LDH. The proportion of anemia was higher in RS3PE. The proportions of infection requiring hospitalization and the history of malignancy were higher in RS3PE.References:[1]McCarty DJ, O’Duffy JD et al. Remitting Seronegative Symmetrical Synovitis with Pitting Edema (RS3PE Syndrome). JAMA 1985; 254: 2763–2767. DOI:10.1001/jama.1985.03360190069027Disclosure of Interests:Misako Higashida-Konishi: None declared, Keisuke Izumi Grant/research support from: Asahi Kasei Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Speakers bureau: Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp, Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Satoshi Hama: None declared, Yutaro Hayashi: None declared, Yutaka Okano: None declared, Hisaji Oshima: None declared

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