Operational Strategy for Water Supply in a Petrochemical Plant. Steady-State and Dynamic Approaches

2009 ◽  
pp. 1485-1490
Author(s):  
Rita M.B. Alves ◽  
Antonio E. Bresciani ◽  
William S. Maejima ◽  
Claudio A.O. Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Petrochemical Plant ◽  
Operational Strategy

scholarly journals New interpretation of the role of water balance in an extended Budyko hypothesis in arid regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 393-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Du ◽  
F. Sun ◽  
J. Yu ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Unsteady State ◽  
Monthly Water Balance ◽  
Storage Change ◽  
Zone Water

Abstract. The Budyko hypothesis (BH) is an effective approach to investigating long-term water balance at large basin scale under steady state. The assumption of steady state prevents applications of the BH to basins, which is unclosed, or with significant variations in root zone water storage, i.e., under unsteady state, such as in extremely arid regions. In this study, we choose the Heihe River basin (HRB) in China, an extremely arid inland basin, as the study area. We firstly use a calibrated and then validated monthly water balance model, i.e., the abcd model, to quantitatively determine annual and monthly variations of water balance for the sub-basins and the whole catchment of the HRB, and find that the roles of root zone water storage change and that of inflow from upper sub-basins in monthly water balance are significant. With the recognition of the inflow water from other regions and the root zone water storage change as additional possible water sources to evapotranspiration in unclosed basins, we further define the equivalent precipitation (Pe) to include local precipitation, inflow water and root zone water storage change as the water supply in the Budyko framework. With the newly defined water supply, the Budyko curve can successfully describe the relationship between the evapotranspiration ratio and the aridity index at both annual and monthly timescales, whilst it fails when only the local precipitation being considered. Adding to that, we develop a new Fu-type Budyko equation with two non-dimensional parameters (ω and λ) based on the deviation of Fu's equation. Over the annual timescale, the new Fu-type Budyko equation developed here has more or less identical performance to Fu's original equation for the sub-basins and the whole catchment. However, over the monthly timescale, due to large seasonality of root zone water storage and inflow water, the new Fu-type Budyko equation generally performs better than Fu's original equation. The new Fu-type Budyko equation (ω and λ) developed here enables one to apply the BH to interpret regional water balance over extremely dry environments under unsteady state (e.g., unclosed basins or sub-annual timescales).

Application of the Wireless Data Transmission System

2013 ◽  
Vol 328 ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Li Cheng ◽  
Zhen Huan Cheng ◽  
Huan Xin Cheng ◽  
Peng Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Radio Station ◽  
Petrochemical Plant ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Modbus Protocol ◽  
Wireless Data Transmission ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Data Transmission System

Because of Urumqi Petrochemical Plant needing a large amount of industrial water, in view of their water supply problem, this paper proposed to use wireless data transmission technology to install a wireless gateway on the far flow transmitter, through the equipment RS485 interface, the cumulative flowing data accessed radio station to get the data by using the MODBUS protocol. Eventually it improves the efficiency of the water supply and centralizes management.

scholarly journals Evaluating the steady-state of twin tunnels of Pirtaghi dam power plant under earthquake loadings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Jamali Zavareh ◽  
Narges Saadat Tayarani
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Seismic Loads ◽  
3D Numerical Modeling ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dam Site ◽  
Twin Tunnels

The design of structures for a long time use represents a big challenge in the rock mechanics and tunneling works. The water supply of the Pirtaghi Dam reservoir-pumping power plant in Iran is provided by the twin tunnels. Since the Pirtaghi dam site is located in an earthquake-prone area, it will probably experience earthquakes in its lifetime. So, in this project, the steady-state of the support system of the twin tunnels of the water supply of the Pirtaghi power plant under likely earthquake and static loading is evaluated by a 3D numerical modeling. The results show that the system is capable to guarantee stability against seismic loads.

Simultaneous Coke Reduction with Improved Syngas Production during Propane Steam Reforming using Forced CO2 Cycling

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feraih S Alenazey ◽  
Chirag Dave ◽  
Said S.E.H. El-Nashaie ◽  
Alfred Susu ◽  
Adesoji A Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Petrochemical Plant ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Syngas Production

Carbon deposition during hydrocarbon steam reforming is often a major cause of pathological reactor performance and catalyst deactivation. In this paper, we report the effect of forced periodic cycling between propane-steam reforming feed and a carbon gasifying agent (CO2) as a novel reactor strategy to both improve product yield (H2 and CO) and catalyst longevity. Experiments were carried out over Co-Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. Cycle period, ?, was varied between 5 to 20 mins at 5 different cycle splits, (0.1 ? s ? 0.9). Both H2 and CO formation rates were higher (up to 5-fold and more than 10-fold, respectively) than that attainable under steady-state operation at all periods investigated. In particular, the time-average H2:CO ratio was lower (< 3.0) than the steady-state equivalent for the pure propane steam reforming (14.0), although it increased monotonically with cycle split. Composition cycling with CO2 also improved catalyst stability and longevity compared to steady-state performance at the cycle periods examined. This strategic reactor operation is therefore a potentially useful key to green process engineering in the overall petrochemical plant design to effect greenhouse gas emission reduction.

Application of a steady-state nutrient model and inferences for load reduction strategy in two public water supply reservoirs in eastern Connecticut

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-278
Author(s):  
Farhad Nadim ◽  
Amvrossios C. Bagtzoglou ◽  
George E. Hoag ◽  
Fred L. Ogden ◽  
Glenn S. Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategy ◽  
Water Supply Reservoirs

scholarly journals Steady state behavior of a booster heat pump for hot water supply in ultra-low temperature district heating network

Energy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 121528
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhu ◽  
Torben Ommen ◽  
Wiebke Meesenburg ◽  
Jan Eric Thorsen ◽  
Brian Elmegaard
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
Steady State Behavior

scholarly journals Steady-State Power Flow Analysis of Cold-Thermal-Electric Integrated Energy System Based on Unified Power Flow Model

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4455
Author(s):  
Qu ◽  
Ouyang ◽  
Yuan ◽  
Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
State Power ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Integrated Energy System

The integrated energy system includes various energy forms, complex operation modes and tight coupling links, which bring challenges to its steady-state modeling and steady-state power flow calculation. In order to study the steady-state characteristics of the integrated energy system, the topological structure of the cold-thermal-electric integrated energy system is given firstly. Then, the steady-state model of the power subsystem, the thermal subsystem, the cold subsystem and the distributed energy station are established, the unified power flow model is established, and the Newton Raphson algorithm is used to solve the unified power flow model. Finally, the influence of the key technical parameters on the steady-state power flow of the integrated energy system is analyzed. Research results show that the photovoltaic power generation plays a supporting role in the voltage of each bus; with the increase of electric load power, the unit value of bus voltage decreases continuously; the water supply temperature of the source node has a greater impact on the steady-state flow in the pipeline and the water supply temperature of each node; the pipeline length of the heat network has a greater impact on the end temperature of the pipeline, the water supply temperature, and the return water temperature of each node. The analysis results can support the planning, design, and optimal operation of the integrated energy system.

Studies on Water in the Hydration Chamber of a Modified Electron Microscope

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
R. C. Moretz ◽  
G. G. Hausner ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Equilibrium Pressure ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Mechanical Pump ◽  
Differential Pumping

Use of the electron microscope to examine wet objects is possible due to the small mass thickness of the equilibrium pressure of water vapor at room temperature. Previous attempts to examine hydrated biological objects and water itself used a chamber consisting of two small apertures sealed by two thin films. Extensive work in our laboratory showed that such films have an 80% failure rate when wet. Using the principle of differential pumping of the microscope column, we can use open apertures in place of thin film windows.Fig. 1 shows the modified Siemens la specimen chamber with the connections to the water supply and the auxiliary pumping station. A mechanical pump is connected to the vapor supply via a 100μ aperture to maintain steady-state conditions.

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

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