Chapter 16 Naturally occurring anti-insect proteins: current status and future aspects

2006 ◽  
pp. 405-422
Author(s):  
Tzi Bun Ng
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Naturally Occurring

scholarly journals Feline transfusion practice in South Africa : current status and practical solutions : continuing education

1999 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dippenaar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Transfusion Practice ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Transfusion Rate ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Disease Free

Blood transfusion therapy is often under-utilised in feline practice in South Africa. However, it is a technique that can be safely and effectively introduced in practice. Cats have naturally occurring allo-antibodies against the blood type that they lack, which makes blood typing, or alternatively cross-matching, essential before transfusions. Feline blood donors must be carefully selected, be disease free and should be sedated before blood collection. The preferred anticoagulant for feline blood collection is citrate-phosphatedextrose-adenine. Blood can either be administered intravenously or into the medullary cavity, with the transfusion rate depending on the cat's hydration status and cardiac function. Transfusion reactions can be immediate or delayed and they are classified as immunological or non-immunological. Indications, methods and techniques to do feline blood transfusions in a safe and economical way are highlighted.

scholarly journals Iridescence: views from many angles

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa G Meadows ◽  
Michael W Butler ◽  
Nathan I Morehouse ◽  
Lisa A Taylor ◽  
Matthew B Toomey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Interdisciplinary Communication ◽  
Current Status ◽  
State University ◽  
Arizona State University ◽  
Journal Issue ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Birds Of Paradise ◽  
First Time

Iridescent colours have been fascinating to humans throughout history; they are flashy, shimmering, dynamic, and examples surround us, from the commonly seen iridescent sheen of oily street puddles to the exotic, gaudy displays of birds-of-paradise featured in nature documentaries. Iridescent colours and the structures that produce them have unique properties in comparison with other types of colourants found in nature. Scientists from a variety of disciplines study the optics, development, heritability, chemical make-up, origin, evolution, functions and biomimetic technological applications of naturally occurring iridescent colours. For the first time, graduate students at Arizona State University brought together these scientists, along with educators and artists, at ‘Iridescence: more than meets the eye’, a conference to promote interdisciplinary communication and collaboration in the study of iridescent coloration from all of these perspectives. Here, we summarize the outcomes of this conference, introduce the papers that follow in this special journal issue and briefly review the current status of our understanding of iridescence.

Acremonium endophytes in perennial ryegrass and other pasture grasses in Australia and New Zealand

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van Heeswijck ◽  
G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fescue Toxicosis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resistance To Insects ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
The Impact

Many grasses contain asymptomatic fungal endophytes which are now recognised as having a major impact on the performance of pastures in Australia and New Zealand, and elsewhere in the world. The association between the plant and the fungus is regarded as mutualistic, with the host grass able to benefit from endophyte presence through reduced herbivore feeding, increased resistance to insects, improved plant growth and possibly disease resistance. Grazing systems may be disadvantaged, however, as the ingestion of endophyte-infected grasses can be associated with a number of animal toxicoses including ryegrass staggers and fescue toxicosis. There is increasing evidence that the effects of endophyte on the host grass, and consequently on pasture performance and animal production, are mediated by a range of secondary metabolites produced by the plant-fungus interaction. Recent work has shown that a great deal of variation can be found amongst endophyte strains both in the types and amounts of these secondary metabolites produced. This review presents the current status of knowledge on the impact of endophyte on pasture grasses in Australia and New Zealand and attempts to place it in the framework of endophyte research in general. It discusses the potential for harnessing the benefits of endophyte infection, whilst minimizing deleterious effects, through the use of elite endophyte strains which have been isolated from naturally occurring grasses, or modified by the techniques of genetic engineering. It concludes by identifying a number of significant areas which require further research for us to fully understand the plant-fungus interaction and its effects on pasture systems.

scholarly journals Potentiality of Nanoenzymes for Cancer Treatment and Other Diseases: Current Status and Future Challenges

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 5965
Author(s):  
Rakesh K. Sindhu ◽  
Agnieszka Najda ◽  
Prabhjot Kaur ◽  
Muddaser Shah ◽  
Harmanpreet Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Enzyme Mimics ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Natural Enzyme ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Therapy And Diagnosis

Studies from past years have observed various enzymes that are artificial, which are issued to mimic naturally occurring enzymes based on their function and structure. The nanozymes possess nanomaterials that resemble natural enzymes and are considered an innovative class. This innovative class has achieved a brilliant response from various developments and researchers owing to this unique property. In this regard, numerous nanomaterials are inspected as natural enzyme mimics for multiple types of applications, such as imaging, water treatment, therapeutics, and sensing. Nanozymes have nanomaterial properties occurring with an inheritance that provides a single substitute and multiple platforms. Nanozymes can be controlled remotely via stimuli including heat, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Collectively, these all can be used to increase the therapeutic as well as diagnostic efficacies. These nanozymes have major biomedical applications including cancer therapy and diagnosis, medical diagnostics, and bio sensing. We summarized and emphasized the latest progress of nanozymes, including their biomedical mechanisms and applications involving synergistic and remote control nanozymes. Finally, we cover the challenges and limitations of further improving therapeutic applications and provide a future direction for using engineered nanozymes with enhanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.

scholarly journals Gypsophila perfoliata (Caryophyllaceae) in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wacław Bartoszek ◽  
Alina Stachurska-Swakoń
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Main Road ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Type

AbstractGypsophila perfoliata L. is a maritime sand-dune species naturally occurring in Asia and southeastern Europe. In Europe it also is found in ruderal habitats rarely, mainly along railway lines. In Poland the species was first recorded in the 1950s; it was found only at railway stations where iron ore was offloaded from the Kryvyi Rih region, Ukraine. Recently it was found in a new type of habitat: the roadside of a main road in the Carpathians. The paper characterizes the current status, distribution and habitat spectrum of this alien species in Poland.

scholarly journals Current status and future direction for examining engineered nanoparticles in natural systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel D. Montaño ◽  
Gregory V. Lowry ◽  
Frank von der Kammer ◽  
Julie Blue ◽  
James F. Ranville
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
Engineered Nanomaterials ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
High Background ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Environmental context The detection and characterisation of engineered nanomaterials in the environment is essential for exposure and risk assessment for this emerging class of materials. However, the ubiquitous presence of naturally occurring nanomaterials presents a unique challenge for the accurate determination of engineered nanomaterials in environmental matrices. New techniques and methodologies are being developed to overcome some of these issues by taking advantage of subtle differences in the elemental and isotopic ratios within these nanomaterials. Abstract The increasing manufacture and implementation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) will continue to lead to the release of these materials into the environment. Reliably assessing the environmental exposure risk of ENMs will depend highly on the ability to quantify and characterise these materials in environmental samples. However, performing these measurements is obstructed by the complexity of environmental sample matrices, physiochemical processes altering the state of the ENM and the high background of naturally occurring nanoparticles (NNPs), which may be similar in size, shape and composition to their engineered analogues. Current analytical techniques can be implemented to overcome some of these obstacles, but the ubiquity of NNPs presents a unique challenge requiring the exploitation of properties that discriminate engineered and natural nanomaterials. To this end, new techniques are being developed that take advantage of the nature of ENMs to discern them from naturally occurring analogues. This paper reviews the current techniques utilised in the detection and characterisation of ENMs in environmental samples as well as discusses promising new approaches to overcome the high backgrounds of NNPs. Despite their occurrence in the atmosphere and soil, this review will be limited to a discussion of aqueous-based samples containing ENMs, as this environment will serve as a principal medium for the environmental dispersion of ENMs.

scholarly journals A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Bhardwaj ◽  
Bikash Kumar ◽  
Pradeep Verma
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Glycoside Linkage ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Paper And Pulp

Abstract Xylan is the second most abundant naturally occurring renewable polysaccharide available on earth. It is a complex heteropolysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannoses and organic acids such as acetic acid, ferulic acid, glucuronic acid interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The breakdown of xylan is restricted due to its heterogeneous nature and it can be overcome by xylanases which are capable of cleaving the heterogeneous β-1,4-glycoside linkage. Xylanases are abundantly present in nature (e.g., molluscs, insects and microorganisms) and several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are used extensively for its production. Microbial xylanases show varying substrate specificities and biochemical properties which makes it suitable for various applications in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The suitability of xylanases for its application in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceuticals, and lignocellulosic biorefinery has led to an increase in demand of xylanases globally. The present review gives an insight of using microbial xylanases as an “Emerging Green Tool” along with its current status and future prospective.

scholarly journals Current Updates on Naturally Occurring Compounds Recognizing SARS-CoV-2 Druggable Targets

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Isabella Romeo ◽  
Francesco Mesiti ◽  
Antonio Lupia ◽  
Stefano Alcaro
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Druggable Targets

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified in China as the etiologic agent of the recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Due to its high transmissibility, this virus quickly spread throughout the world, causing considerable health issues. The scientific community exerted noteworthy efforts to obtain therapeutic solutions for COVID-19, and new scientific networks were constituted. No certified drugs to efficiently inhibit the virus were identified, and the development of de-novo medicines requires approximately ten years of research. Therefore, the repurposing of natural products could be an effective strategy to handle SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review aims to update on current status of the natural occurring compounds recognizing SARS-CoV-2 druggable targets. Among the clinical trials actually recruited, some natural compounds are ongoing to examine their potential role to prevent and to treat the COVID-19 infection. Many natural scaffolds, including alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, and benzoquinones, were investigated by in-silico, in-vitro, and in-vivo approaches. Despite the large data set obtained by a computational approach, experimental evidences in most cases are not available. To fill this gap, further efforts to validate these results are required. We believe that an accurate investigation of naturally occurring compounds may provide insights for the potential treatment of COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Biopesticide formulations, possibility of application and future trends

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Gasic ◽  
Brankica Tanovic
Keyword(s):  
Storage Stability ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Insect Pheromones ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Different Types

Biopesticides are the formulated form of active ingredients based on microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes or naturally-occurring substances, including plant extracts and semiochemicals (e.g. insect pheromones). Application of biopesticides is still limited to only a few percent of all pesticides used for crop protection. There are many factors contributing to that situation, such as expensive production methods, poor storage stability, susceptibility to environmental conditions, efficacy problems, etc. Some of these problems can be overcome by formulation improvements. With many pressures on product performance formulation is becoming the most important area to enhance and extend the activity of biopesticides. In this paper we reviewed different types of biopesticides existing on the market and discussed possibilities for their application and current status. The expected future trends in formulation development of biopesticides are explained.

scholarly journals Natural and engineered kallikrein inhibitors: an emerging pharmacopoeia

2010 ◽  
Vol 391 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim E. Swedberg ◽  
Simon J. de Veer ◽  
Jonathan M. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Small Molecule Inhibitors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Kallikrein Inhibitors

AbstractThe kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases are serine proteases that control a plethora of developmental and homeostatic phenomena, ranging from semen liquefaction to skin desquamation and blood pressure. The diversity of roles played by kallikreins has stimulated considerable interest in these enzymes from the perspective of diagnostics and drug design. Kallikreins already have well-established credentials as targets for therapeutic intervention and there is increasing appreciation of their potential both as biomarkers and as targets for inhibitor design. Here, we explore the current status of naturally occurring kallikrein protease-inhibitor complexes and illustrate how this knowledge can interface with strategies for rational re-engineering of bioscaffolds and design of small-molecule inhibitors.

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