A Bioarchaeological Study of African American Health and Mortality in the Post-Emancipation U.S. South

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Franklin ◽  
Samuel M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Adults ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Disease Exposure

After emancipation, most African Americans remained tethered to agricultural economies, while others migrated to cities seeking better opportunities. Although bioarchaeologists have made significant interventions in researching people of African descent, there are relatively few published comparative studies that address their morbidity and mortality after slavery. This study compares the bioarchaeological evidence for rural and urban southern United States populations to address disparities in health and longevity. It considers the biological effects of racism, including the health impacts of poverty, disease, and malnourishment. Although historians and demographers argue that urban life was especially detrimental to health, the results of this research suggest greater complexity in African American well-being. Whereas urban adults had higher midlife mortality and reduced longevity compared to their rural counterparts, both rural and urban children experienced poor health. Rural child mortality and morbidity varied significantly, suggesting differences in diet and disease exposure across rural communities. With regard to gender, rural and urban women died at younger ages than men. This disparity in mortality is partly attributed to black women's working and reproductive lives within the context of racism and gender inequality.

scholarly journals Social Media Reveals Urban-Rural Differences in Stress across China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Cui ◽  
Tingdan Zhang ◽  
Dandan Pang ◽  
Kokil Jaidka ◽  
Garrick Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Different Sources

Modeling differential stress expressions in urban and rural regions in China can provide a better understanding of the effects of urbanization on psychological well-being in a country that has rapidly grown economically in the last two decades. This paper studies linguistic differences in the experiences and expressions of stress in urban-rural China from Weibo posts from over 65,000 users across 329 counties using hierarchical mixed-effects models. We analyzed phrases, topical themes, and psycho-linguistic word choices in Weibo posts mentioning stress to better understand appraisal differences surrounding psychological stress in urban and rural communities in China; we then compared them with large-scale polls from Gallup. After controlling for socioeconomic and gender differences, we found that rural communities tend to express stress in emotional and personal themes such as relationships, health, and opportunity while users in urban areas express stress using relative, temporal, and external themes such as work, politics, and economics. These differences exist beyond controlling for GDP and urbanization, indicating a fundamentally different lifestyle between rural and urban residents in very specific environments, arguably having different sources of stress. We found corroborative trends in physical, financial, and social wellness with urbanization in Gallup polls.

scholarly journals On the doorstep to senility: physical changes, health status and well-being in midlife

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-287
Author(s):  
Maria Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Midlife Transition ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Physical Changes

Abstract The movement of the baby boomers into the middle ages made the 45-65 age cohort the largest and the fastest growing segment of population in the first decade of the 21st century. This demographic expansion will have multiple consequences for ageing society. This paper aimed to provide an overview on biology of midlife transition. Physical characteristics, midlife-specific morbidity and mortality were described with focus to sexual dimorphism in physique and gender gap in mortality and morbidity. These characteristics made midlife a separate and unique stage of life. In-depth knowledge of this life stage may be useful in identifying and solving problems of ageing individuals and population.

Victimization in Young Urban Adults and Depressed Mood: Understanding the Interplay of Coping and Gender

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hassan ◽  
Laurissa Mallozzi ◽  
Niti Dhingra ◽  
Sara Chiara Haden
Keyword(s):  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Avoidant Coping ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Early Interventions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Urban Adults ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Violence exposure has a significant impact on victims’ psychological well-being. This study examined the relationship between two types of violence exposures (threats and physical assaults), coping styles (emotion focused, avoidant, and problem focused), gender, and depression among 211 (147 females and 64 males) young urban adults (ages 18–24). Most participants (60%) endorsed being physically assaulted, whereas many (40%) endorsed being threatened. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted. As hypothesized, women reported using more emotion-focused coping and reported greater depression than men. Avoidant coping was a predictor for increased depression for both men and women. However, women who employed problem-focused coping after their first physical assault reported lower rates of depression. These findings have implications for designing early interventions.

scholarly journals Online Pilot Grocery Intervention among Rural and Urban Residents Aimed to Improve Purchasing Habits

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Alison Gustafson ◽  
Rachel Gillespie ◽  
Emily DeWitt ◽  
Brittany Cox ◽  
Brynnan Dunaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Urban Adults ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Pilot Intervention

Online grocery shopping has the potential to improve access to food, particularly among low-income households located in urban food deserts and rural communities. The primary aim of this pilot intervention was to test whether a three-armed online grocery trial improved fruit and vegetable (F&V) purchases. Rural and urban adults across seven counties in Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina were recruited to participate in an 8-week intervention in fall 2021. A total of 184 adults were enrolled into the following groups: (1) brick-and-mortar “BM” (control participants only received reminders to submit weekly grocery shopping receipts); (2) online-only with no support “O” (participants received weekly reminders to grocery shop online and to submit itemized receipts); and (3) online shopping with intervention nudges “O+I” (participants received nudges three times per week to grocery shop online, meal ideas, recipes, Facebook group support, and weekly reminders to shop online and to submit itemized receipts). On average, reported food spending on F/V by the O+I participants was USD 6.84 more compared to the BM arm. Online shopping with behavioral nudges and nutrition information shows great promise for helping customers in diverse locations to navigate the increasing presence of online grocery shopping platforms and to improve F&V purchases.

Decolonising the Rural-Urban Dichotomy in South Africa: An Asset-Based Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Bunmi Isaiah Omodan ◽  
Cias T. Tsotetsi ◽  
Bekithemba Dube
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Asset Based Community Development ◽  
Rural Dwellers

The rural-urban migration syndrome has eaten deep into the fabric of rural development in South Africa, thereby denying rural dwellers equitable access to social and economic amenities and social empowerment. This study, therefore, seeks to emancipate rural communities through an asset-based community development approach by forming university-community synergies for the purpose of decolonising these rural communities. The study attempted to provide a solution to the question of inequalities between rural and urban communities with a focus on how university engagement can be used to enhance community development in QwaQwa/Harismith Township and its environments. The study adopted a participatory action research design and the free attitude interview technique was used to collect data. The research participants consisted of one research assistant and 10 ordinary community members, members of NGOs and community leaders in QwaQwa/Harrismith Township in the Free State province of South Africa. Data collected were analysed through Laws, Harpes and Marcus’s seven-step model. The study revealed that rural dwellers face challenges of inequitable educational facilities and resources, and a lack of security in terms of their lives, properties, and means of travelling. Likewise, the study also showed a lack of access to health facilities in their communities. It was therefore concluded that community engagement through the asset-based approach and decoloniality would enable the university to empower rural dwellers with the freedom to attain their well-being by ensuring an environment that is sufficient and adequate for social investment.

The Health of African American Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: A Growing Social Problem

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2093482
Author(s):  
Tamara Woods
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Stress Burden ◽  
Caregiving Roles

The study explored the experiences of African-American grandmothers residing in rural communities caring for their grandchildren, while suffering from chronic health issues. The research examined their physical and emotional health, physical functioning, well-being, social support, and resources of these grandmothers from a Family Development approach. Given the trends of providing care for a grandchild, it is widely recognized that caregivers may experience stress, burden, and the disruption of their well-being and social activities as well as the pressure associated with caregiving roles, responsibilities, and tasks. The grandmothers reported challenges that included stressors such as health issues, financial difficulties, limited support, transportation difficulties, and disruption in social activities. A major finding was that the grandmother’s health did not negatively impact their ability to care for their grandchildren.

scholarly journals Soft Skills and Psychological Well-being: A Study on Italian Rural and Urban NEETs

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Mauro Ellena ◽  
◽  
Marta Elena ◽  
Francisco Simões ◽  
Maria Fernandes-Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Soft Skill ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
And Gender

Soft skills retain a certain importance in fully understanding the NEET phenomenon: however, only few researchers have focused on them specifically. The aim of this work is two-fold: a) to detect the differences in terms of soft skills and psychological well-being between urban and rural NEETs; and b) to evaluate which of the soft skills analysed may be predictors of psychological well-being. A sample of young 6998 18−34 years old representative of the Italian population was used. Although gender and educational attainment play a key role in determining NEET status, the degree of urbanisation must be considered because it appears to influence the well-being and perceived soft skills of a group of NEETs. The present study shows that females with low educational attainment residing in rural areas have lower levels of well-being than females with low educational attainment residing in urban areas. A similar influence exists in relation to one particular soft skill: positive vision. Furthermore, soft skills predict psychological well-being wherein degree of urbanisation and gender seems to play a determining role. Policies should, therefore, consider these issues in their design and implementation phases. Keywords: NEETs; rural; urban; soft skills; psychological well-being. ····· Abilitățile psiho-sociale (descrise sub această denumire în articol) au importanță în înțelegerea fenomenului NEET (tineri care nu lucrează și nu se află nici în cadrul sistemului educațional – NEET – l. engl.); cu toate astea, puțini cercetători s-au concentrat pe aceste abilități. Scopul acestui studiu este împărțit în două: a) să determine diferențele în termeni de abilități `soft` și bunăstare psihică între urban și rural în rândul NEET și b) să evalueze care dintre aceste abilități ar putea fi predictori ai bunăstării psihologice. S-a folosit un eșantion de 6998 tineri între 18 și 34 de ani, reprezentativ pentru populația din Italia. Deși genul și educația joacă un rol important în determinarea statutului NEET, gradul de urbanizare trebuie luat în considerare, deoarece se pare că influențează bunăstarea și abilitățile psihice ale grupului de NEET. Prezentul studiu arată că femeile cu educație mai puțină, din mediul rural, au un nivel mai scăzut de bunăstare decât femeile de acest fel din mediul urban. O influență similară există în relație cu o anumită abilitate `soft`: viziunea pozitivă. Mai mult, abilitățile `soft` prognosticând bunăstarea psihică, gradul de urbanizare pare să joace în această ecuație un rol determinant. Așa că politicile sociale ar trebui să ia în considerație aceste elemente în cadrul aspectelor legate de design-ul acestora și în procesul de implementare. Cuvinte-cheie: NEET; rural; urban; abilități `soft`; bunăstare psihică.

Personality's Correlates of Adult Development and Aging

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Vittorio Caprara ◽  
Mariagiovanna Caprara ◽  
Patrizia Steca
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
And Gender

Three cross-sectional studies examined stability and change in personality over the course of life by measuring the relations linking age to personality traits, self-efficacy beliefs, values, and well-being in large samples of Italian male and female participants. In each study, relations between personality and age were examined across several age groups ranging from young adulthood to old age. In each study, personality constructs were first examined in terms of mean group differences accrued by age and gender and then in terms of their correlations with age across gender and age groups. Furthermore, personality-age correlations were also calculated, controlling for the demographic effects accrued by marital status, education, and health. Findings strongly indicated that personality functioning does not necessarily decline in the later years of life, and that decline is more pronounced in males than it is in females across several personality dimensions ranging from personality traits, such as emotional stability, to self-efficacy beliefs, such as efficacy in dealing with negative affect. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality theory and social policy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document