scholarly journals Duration ≠ Seriousness of Commitment: An Empirical and Theoretical Critique of Nyarko's Treaties vs. Executive Agreements

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Barbara Koremenos

In “Giving the Treaty a Purpose,” Julian Nyarko distinguishes between treaties and executive agreements and argues that treaties signal a higher level of commitment to our partners in cooperation than do executive agreements because treaties are more durable. Nyarko uses survival-time analysis to demonstrate that treaties last longer than executive agreements—that is, treaties are less likely to drop out of the Treaties in Force (TIF) series in any given year. The longer life of treaties is Nyarko's proxy for their greater durability. Nyarko argues that his result holds “even after controlling for a number of covariates that could influence the durability of the agreement,” like particular presidents, subject areas, and partner countries as well as the degree of divided government. Nonetheless, Nyarko's list omits the most important variable affecting durability as he defines it: intended duration. Sometimes the intended duration of a piece of formal international law is finite. Indeed, as I will explain in this response, under certain (and common) conditions, this choice of a finite duration is what makes the commitment credible (or, in Nyarko's language, reliable).

Author(s):  
Romel Regalado Bagares

This chapter assesses international law in the Philippines. The primary entry points of international law in Philippine jurisdiction are the Incorporation Clause and the Treaty Clause of the 1987 Charter. The chapter considers the paradoxical phenomenon of the supposedly dualist device of treaties opening a quasi-monist door to international legal obligations in the form of executive agreements that do not require the concurrence of the Senate but become binding on the Philippines by Executive imprimatur. Moreover, as quasi-monist devices, executive agreements function both as a sword, giving direct effect to international law—especially in the protection of rights—and as a shield, raising barriers to public or international accountability according to political considerations. The four other entry points for international law in Philippine practice include the direct effect by the Supreme Court’s rule-making powers, constitutionalization, statutory application, and international law in the State of Exception.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadav Nur ◽  
Aaron L. Holmes ◽  
Geoffrey R. Geupel

AbstractOrnithologists commonly estimate nest survival using the Mayfield method, which produces relatively unbiased estimates provided that key assumptions are met. However, this method cannot statistically model nest failure in relation to quantitative variables, nor can it consider the joint effects of two or more independent variables. We demonstrate the use of an alternative method, survival time analysis. Survival time analysis can incorporate nests that are found at different points in the nesting cycle and nests whose ultimate outcome is unknown. The method allows one to examine variation in nest mortality during the course of the nesting period. To demonstrate this method we analyze data on Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) nests, collected as part of a 3-year monitoring program of shrubsteppe habitat in north-central Oregon. We evaluate nesting success with respect to laying date, nest height, and annual variation in failure rate. We demonstrate three types of analyses: Kaplan-Meier estimation (a nonparametric method), Cox proportional hazards model (a semiparametric method), and Weibull parametric regression. Using these maximum-likelihood methods one can carry out likelihood-ratio tests and Akaike's Information Criterion model selection. The best predictive model included the effects of date and year. Nest failure rate changed during the nesting cycle and was heterogeneous among nests, thus violating assumptions of the Mayfield method. We discuss drawbacks to the use of logistic regression (another Mayfield alternative) to analyze nest success. Estimates of the age of a nesting attempt upon discovery are required for survival time analysis; we encourage ornithologists to collect such information.Uso del Análisis de Tiempo de Sobreviviencia para Analizar el Éxito de Nidificación: Un Ejemplo Utilizando Lanius ludovicianusResumen. Los ornitólogos generalmente utilizan el método de Mayfield para estimar la sobrevivencia de los nidos, un método que produce estimaciones relativamente poco sesgadas siempre y cuando se cumplan sus suposiciones claves. Sin embargo, este método no es capaz de modelar estadísticamente los fracasos de nidificación en relación con variables cuantitativas, ni tampoco puede considerar el efecto conjunto de dos o más variables independientes. Aquí, demostramos el uso de un método alternativo, el análisis de tiempo de sobrevivencia, el cual puede incorporar nidos que son encontrados en diferentes tiempos durante el ciclo de nidificación y también nidos cuyo resultado final es desconocido. El método permite examinar la variación en la mortalidad de nidos durante el transcurso del período de nidificación. Con el fin de demostrar este método, analizamos datos de nidos de Lanius ludovicianus colectados como parte de un programa de monitoreo del hábitat de estepa arbustiva durante un período de 3 años en Oregon nor-central. Evaluamos el éxito de nidificación con respecto a la fecha de puesta, altura del nido y variación anual en la tasa de fracaso. Demostramos tres tipos de análisis: estimación de Kaplan-Meier (un método no paramétrico), modelos de riesgo proporcional de Cox (un método semi paramétrico) y regresión paramétrica de Weibull. Utilizando estos métodos de máxima verosimilitud uno puede seleccionar modelos realizando pruebas de cocientes de verosimilitudes y utilizando el criterio de información de Akaike. El modelo con mayor capacidad predicativa incluyó los efectos de la fecha y el año. La tasa de fracaso de nidos varió durante el ciclo de nidificación y fue heterogénea entre nidos violando así, las suposiciones del método de Mayfield. Discutimos las desventajas del uso de regresiones logísticas (otra alternativa al método de Mayfield) para el análisis del éxito de los nidos. Para el análisis de tiempo de sobreviviencia se requiere la estimación de la edad de un intento de nidificación en el momento de ser descubierto, por lo que sugerimos a los ornitólogos colectar dicha información.


The Condor ◽  
10.1650/7336 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadav Nur ◽  
Aaron L. Holmes ◽  
Geoffrey R. Geupel

Digital is better than offset printing process as it imparts zero make-ready wastage. It also supports variable data printing advantages. Machine downtime of Konica Minolta C1085 and Richo pro 8100se digital press was analyzed in local market. The results indicated that white area on print matter, blank page, paper jam, paper curl, paper skew, wrinkle and creasing, print rub-off, miss feed, blur image, horizontal line, ink drop out, technical faults, custom paper, press room temperature, roller track, paper swing, paper moisture, registration, maintenance are the major issues contributed into downtime digital printing


2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian P. Schneider ◽  
Carol Seyboth ◽  
Markus Vilsmaier ◽  
Helmut Küchenhoff ◽  
Benjamin Hofner ◽  
...  

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