Magnetic studies of active volcanoes in Mexico: implications for volcanic hazards and volcano monitoring

Most of the world’s 1500 active volcanoes are not instrumentally monitored, resulting in deadly eruptions which can occur without observation of precursory activity. The new Sentinel missions are now providing freely available imagery with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions, with payloads allowing for a comprehensive monitoring of volcanic hazards. We here present the volcano monitoring platform MOUNTS (Monitoring Unrest from Space), which aims for global monitoring, using multisensor satellite-based imagery (Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR, Sentinel-2 Short-Wave InfraRed SWIR, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI), ground-based seismic data (GEOFON and USGS global earthquake catalogues), and artificial intelligence (AI) to assist monitoring tasks. It provides near-real-time access to surface deformation, heat anomalies, SO2 gas emissions, and local seismicity at a number of volcanoes around the globe, providing support to both scientific and operational communities for volcanic risk assessment. Results are visualized on an open-access website where both geocoded images and time series of relevant parameters are provided, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the temporal evolution of volcanic activity and eruptive products. We further demonstrate that AI can play a key role in such monitoring frameworks. Here we design and train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) on synthetically generated interferograms, to operationally detect strong deformation (e.g., related to dyke intrusions), in the real interferograms produced by MOUNTS. The utility of this interdisciplinary approach is illustrated through a number of recent eruptions (Erta Ale 2017, Fuego 2018, Kilauea 2018, Anak Krakatau 2018, Ambrym 2018, and Piton de la Fournaise 2018–2019). We show how exploiting multiple sensors allows for assessment of a variety of volcanic processes in various climatic settings, ranging from subsurface magma intrusion, to surface eruptive deposit emplacement, pre/syn-eruptive morphological changes, and gas propagation into the atmosphere. The data processed by MOUNTS is providing insights into eruptive precursors and eruptive dynamics of these volcanoes, and is sharpening our understanding of how the integration of multiparametric datasets can help better monitor volcanic hazards.

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Muography as a new complementary tool in monitoring volcanic hazard: implications for early warning systems

Proceedings of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.2021.0320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 477 (2255) ◽

Author(s):

Giovanni Leone ◽

Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka ◽

Marko Holma ◽

Pasi Kuusiniemi ◽

Dezső Varga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Early Warning Systems ◽

Hydrothermal Activity ◽

Volcano Monitoring ◽

Magma Ascent ◽

Magma Flow ◽

Magma Body ◽

Major Fault ◽

Important Time ◽

Conduit Diameter

Muography uses muons naturally produced in the interactions between cosmic rays and atmosphere for imaging and characterization of density differences and time-sequential changes in solid (e.g. rocks) and liquid (e.g. melts ± dissolved gases) materials in scales from tens of metres to up to a few kilometres. In addition to being useful in discovering the secrets of the pyramids, ore prospecting and surveillance of nuclear sites, muography successfully images the internal structure of volcanoes. Several field campaigns have demonstrated that muography can image density changes relating to magma ascent and descent, magma flow rate, magma degassing, the shape of the magma body, an empty conduit diameter, hydrothermal activity and major fault lines. In addition, muography is applied for long-term volcano monitoring in a few selected volcanoes around the world. We propose using muography in volcano monitoring in conjunction with other existing techniques for predicting volcanic hazards. This approach can provide an early indication of a possible future eruption and potentially the first estimate of its scale by producing direct evidence of magma ascent through its conduit in real time. Knowing these issues as early as possible buy critically important time for those responsible for the local alarm and evacuation protocols.

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Magma ascent and eruption forecasting at Deception Island volcano (Antarctica) evidenced by δD and δ18O variations

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12700 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio M. Álvarez-Valero ◽

Meritxell Aulinas ◽

Adelina Geyer ◽

Guillem Gisbert ◽

Gabor Kereszturi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Melt Inclusions ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Magma Ascent ◽

Explosive Eruptions ◽

Deception Island ◽

Essential Information ◽

Local Modification ◽

Isotopic Variations ◽

Active Volcanoes

Geochemistry of volatiles in active volcanoes provides insights into the magmatic processes and evolution at depth, such as magma evolution and degassing, which can be implemented into volcanic hazards assessment. Deception Island is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica, with more than twenty explosive eruptions documented over the past two centuries. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic variations in the volatiles trapped in the Deception Island rocks (glass and melt inclusions in phenocrysts) provide essential information on the mechanisms controlling the eruptive history in this volcanic suite. Thus, understanding the petrological and related isotopic variations in the island, has the potential to foresee the possible occurrence and its main eruptive features of a future eruption.Information from hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes combined with detailed petrologic data reveal in Deception Island (i) fast ascent and quenching of most magmas, preserving pre-eruptive magmatic signal of water contents and isotopic ratios, with local modification by rehydration due to glass exposition to seawater, meteoric and fumarolic waters; (ii) a plumbing system(s) currently dominated by closed-system degassing leading to explosive eruptions; (iii) control on the interactions of ascending magmas with the surface waters producing hydrovolcanic activity throughout the two main fault systems in Deception Island. These results can be considered in further studies of volcanic monitoring to improve the capability to interpret geophysical data and signals recorded during volcanic unrest episodes, and hence, forecast volcanic eruptions and related hazards.This research was partially funded by the following projects: POSVOLDEC (CTM2016&#8208;79617&#8208;P) (AEI/FEDER&#8208;UE), VOLGASDEC (PGC2018-095693-B-I00) (AEI/FEDER&#8208;UE) and Programa Propio Ib-2019 (USAL). This research is also part of POLARCSIC activities.

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A review of present-day deformation of active volcanoes in China during 1970–2013

Geological Society London Special Publications ◽

10.1144/sp510-2019-228 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. SP510-2019-228

Author(s):

Lingyun Ji ◽

Jiandong Xu ◽

Lei Liu ◽

Wenting Zhang

Keyword(s):

Active Volcano ◽

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Volcanic Field ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Changbaishan Volcano ◽

Deformation State ◽

Plumbing Systems ◽

Magma Sources ◽

Deformation Patterns ◽

Active Volcanoes

AbstractChina has numerous active volcanoes, and more than 10 erupted in the Quaternary. Although a modern eruption event has not occurred in China, the potential risk from volcanic hazards should be noted. With the development of geodetic technologies including Global Positioning System (GPS), levelling, and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), volcanologists can now detect the present-day deformation state of China's active volcanoes. In this paper, we summarised the present-day deformation patterns, magma sources, and magma plumbing systems of China's active volcanoes during 1970-2013. The results showed that the most active volcano in China is the Changbaishan volcano, it showed significant inflation during 2002-2003, with the deformation becoming gradually weaker after 2003, indicating it had been experiencing a magma process during 2000-2010. A point source at a depth of approximately 10 km was responsible for the observed deformation. The Leiqiong volcanic field showed a trough pattern deformation during 2007-2010, which was interpreted as a dyke intrusion model. Fluctuant deformation patterns were shown in the Tengchong volcanic field. The Longgang volcanic field had experienced a volcano-wide uplift during the 1970s and 1990s. Deformation was observed in the Tatun volcanic field during 2006-2013, and two shallow sources account for the observed deformation. These volcanoes merit further monitoring given possible evidence of deformation. No obvious deformation related to volcanic activity was observed at the Ashikule volcanic field during 2003-2011. The results provide a basic introduction of the deformation state of China's active volcanoes, and may be helpful for evaluating the activity levels of China's volcanoes and mitigating the risks of future volcanic hazards.

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Mitigation Systems by Hazard Maps, Mitigation Plans, and Risk Analyses Regarding Volcanic Disasters in Japan

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2008.p0297 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 297-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yoichi Nakamura ◽

◽

Kazuyoshi Fukushima ◽

Xinghai Jin ◽

Motoo Ukawa Teruko Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Volcanic Risk ◽

Hazard Maps ◽

Volcanic Events ◽

Management Plans ◽

Tree Algorithms ◽

Local Residents ◽

Set Up ◽

Active Volcanoes

More than 60 volcanic hazard maps have been published on 38 of Japan’s 108 active volcanoes. Two maps were published before 1990, 17 after the 1991 eruptions of Unzen, and 19 after the 2000 eruptions of Usuzan and Miyakejima. Large eruptions greatly increase concern over volcanic hazards. The earlier academic maps themselves have changed from being specialist-oriented to being designed to be more easily understood with volcanic terms clearly explained. This is especially true of revised maps. The 1961 Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act directs that local disaster management plans be promoted by local governments, but only 5 of the local governments in the 25 prefectures neighboring on active volcanoes have set up established specific volcano-oriented antidisaster programs. Others mention volcanic disaster measures in the context of general or storm and flood disaster measures, and another six make no mention of particular measures for volcanic disasters. This lack of concern is somewhat understandably related to budget policies, but real-time hazard maps with probability tree algorithms for forecasting volcanic events are needed to manage potential volcanic disasters effectively. For this purpose, volcanic disaster measures with volcanic risk, or threat analyses assessments must be completed, but no local governments have yet conducted assessments of volcanic risk analyses. Whatever and however complex the reasons, local governments should, cooperating with volcanologists and supported by local residents, take action before an eruption next occurs.

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Chapter 1.4 Antarctic volcanism: active volcanism overview

Geological Society London Memoirs ◽

10.1144/m55-2020-12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. M55-2020-12

Author(s):

A. Geyer

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Monitoring Networks ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Permanent Settlement ◽

History Of ◽

Hazard Assessments ◽

Magmatic History ◽

South Polar ◽

Active Volcanoes

AbstractIn the last two centuries, demographic expansion and extensive urbanization of volcanic areas have increased the exposure of our society to volcanic hazards. Antarctica is no exception. During the last decades, the permanent settlement and seasonal presence of scientists, technicians, tourists and logistical personnel close to active volcanoes in the south polar region have increased notably. This has led to an escalation in the number of people and the amount of infrastructure exposed to potential eruptions. This requires advancement of our knowledge of the volcanic and magmatic history of Antarctic active volcanoes, significant improvement of the monitoring networks, and development of long-term hazard assessments and vulnerability analyses to carry out the required mitigation actions, and to elaborate on the most appropriate response plans to reduce loss of life and infrastructure during a future volcanic crisis. This chapter provides a brief summary of the active volcanic systems in Antarctica, highlighting their main volcanological features, which monitoring systems are deployed (if any), and recent (i.e. Holocene and/or historical) eruptive activity or unrest episodes. To conclude, some notes about the volcanic hazard assessments carried out so far on south polar volcanoes are also included, along with recommendations for specific actions and ongoing research on active Antarctic volcanism.

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Monitoring active volcanoes and mitigating volcanic hazards: the case for including simple approaches

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ◽

10.1016/0377-0273(90)90074-p ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 42 (1-2) ◽

pp. 129-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Richard E. Stoiber ◽

Stanley N. Williams

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Active Volcanoes

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Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú

Volcanica ◽

10.30909/vol.04.s1.4971 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (S1) ◽

pp. 49-71

Author(s):

Roger Machacca Puma ◽

José Alberto Del Carpio Calienes ◽

Marco Antonio Rivera Porras ◽

Hernando Jhonny Tavera Huarache ◽

Luisa Diomira Macedo Franco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Activity ◽

Volcanic Hazards ◽

Mobile App ◽

Monitoring Networks ◽

The Public ◽

Volcanic Monitoring ◽

Ash Dispersion ◽

Information Media ◽

E Mail ◽

Active Volcanoes

Volcano monitoring in Peru is carried out by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), through its Centro Vulcanológico Nacional (CENVUL). CENVUL monitors 12 out of 16 volcanoes considered as historically active and potentially active in southern Peru and issues periodic bulletins about the volcanic activity and, depending on the alert-level of each volcano, also issues alerts and warnings of volcanic unrest, ash dispersion, and the occurrence of lahars. The information generated by CENVUL is disseminated to the civil authorities and the public through different information media (newsletters, e-mail, website, social media, mobile app, etc.). The IGP volcanology team was formed after the eruption of Sabancaya volcano in 1988. Since then, geophysical and geological studies, volcanic hazards assessments, and multidisciplinary monitoring realized by the IGP, have provided a comprehensive understanding of volcanic activity in Peru and forecast future eruptive scenarios. Currently, 80% of the historically active and potentially active volcanoes in Peru are equipped with networks of multiparameter instruments, with the seismic monitoring being the most widely implemented. In this report, we present the situation of volcanic monitoring in Peru, the monitoring networks, the techniques employed, as well as efforts to educate and inform the public and officials responsible for disaster risk management.

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