scholarly journals Racial differences in two measures of trust in biomedical research

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cunningham-Erves ◽  
Victoria Villalta-Gil ◽  
Kenneth A. Wallston ◽  
Alaina P. Boyer ◽  
Consuelo H. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Item Scores

AbstractObjective:Lack of trust toward medical research is a major barrier to research participation, particularly among some population groups. Valid measures of trust are needed to develop appropriate interventions. The study purpose was to compare two previously validated scales that measure trust in biomedical research – one developed by Hall et al. (H-TBR; 2006) and the other by Mainous et al. (M-TBR; 2006) – in relation to socio-demographic variables and attitudes toward research. Differences between Black and White respondents were explored.Methods:Two nearly identical surveys – one with H-TBR and the other with M-TBR – were systematically administered to a convenience sample. Internal consistency reliability of each scale was assessed. Associations were computed between scores on each scale with attitudes toward biomedical research and demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status). The difference between White and Black respondents on each TBR score while controlling for age, education, and race was also investigated.Results:A total of 2020 participants completed the H-TBR survey; 1957 completed the M-TBR survey. Mean item scores for M-TBR were higher (F = 56.05, p < 0.001) among Whites than Blacks. Whites also had higher mean item scores than Blacks on H-TBR (F = 7.09, p < 0.001). Both scales showed a strong association with participants’ perceived barriers to research (ps < 0.001) and significant, positive correlations with interest in research participation (ps < 0.001). Age and household income were positive predictors of TBR scores, but the effects of education differed.Conclusions:Both scales are internally consistent and show associations with attitudes toward research. Whites score higher than Blacks on both TBR scales, even while controlling for age and socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals The Influence of Friends on Teen Vaping: A Mixed-Methods Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6784
Author(s):  
Allison L. Groom ◽  
Thanh-Huyen T. Vu ◽  
Robyn L. Landry ◽  
Anshula Kesh ◽  
Joy L. Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Sources Of Information

Vaping is popular among adolescents. Previous research has explored sources of information and influence on youth vaping, including marketing, ads, family, peers, social media, and the internet. This research endeavors to expand understanding of peer influence. Our hypothesis is that friends’ influence on teen vapers’ first electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use varies by demographic variables and awareness of ENDS advertising. In August–October 2017, youth (n = 3174) aged 13–18 completed an online survey to quantify ENDS behaviors and attitudes and were invited to participate in follow-up online research in November-December 2017 to probe qualitative context around perceptions and motivations (n = 76). This analysis focused on the ENDS users, defined as having ever tried any ENDS product, from the survey (n = 1549) and the follow-up research (n = 39). Among survey respondents, friends were the most common source of vapers’ first ENDS product (60%). Most survey respondents tried their first ENDS product while “hanging out with friends” (54%). Among follow-up research participants, the theme of socializing was also prominent. ENDS advertising and marketing through social media had a strong association with friend networks; in fact, the odds of friends as source of the first vaping experience were 2 times higher for those who had seen ENDS ads on social media compared with other types of media. The influence of friends is particularly evident among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics/Latinos, those living in urban areas, those living in high-income households, those with higher self-esteem, and those who experiment with vaping. These findings support the premise that peer influence is a primary social influencer and reinforcer for vaping. Being included in a popular activity appears to be a strong driving force.

scholarly journals Racial differences in sleep duration intersect with sex, socioeconomic status, and U.S. geographic region: The REGARDS study

Sleep Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Petrov ◽  
D. Leann Long ◽  
Michael A. Grandner ◽  
Leslie A. MacDonald ◽  
Matthew R. Cribbet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Regards Study

scholarly journals Factors Influencing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy in a Population-Based Sample in Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Marco Del Riccio ◽  
Sara Boccalini ◽  
Lisa Rigon ◽  
Massimiliano Alberto Biamonte ◽  
Giuseppe Albora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
High Level

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 represents an effective and safe tool to protect the population against the disease; however, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy could be a major barrier to achieving herd immunity. Despite the severity of the current pandemic, the population’s intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 among a convenience sample of the general population resident in Italy and the factors associated with hesitancy and acceptance of the vaccine in the context of the current pandemic before the rolling out of COVID-19 vaccines. An anonymous online survey was diffused among a general adult population living in Italy. Participants aged 18 or older and living in Italy were considered eligible. Incomplete questionnaires were excluded. Overall, 7605 valid questionnaires were collected. Most of the participants (81.9%) were inclined to get vaccinated; male sex (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12–1.71), a high level of trust in institutions (OR 3.93, 95% CI 2.04–7.83), and personal beliefs about high safety of COVID-19 vaccines (OR 56.33, 95% CI 31.57–105.87) were found to be among the significant predictors of COVID-19 acceptance. These data could help design larger studies to address the problem of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the current pandemic.

scholarly journals Biogeographically significant units in conservation: a new integrative concept for conserving ecological and evolutionary processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Paula Quiroga ◽  
Lucia Castello ◽  
Vilma Quipildor ◽  
Andrea C Premoli
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Landscape Conservation ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Genetic Barriers ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Molecular Information ◽  
Integrative Concept

SummaryWe combined tools of phylogeography, population genetics and biogeographical interpretation to analyse a group of phylogenetically independent lineages (animals and plants) that coexist within the same geographical region, yet under markedly different environments, in order to identify generalized barriers for gene flow. We tested the hypothesis that major geographic features have produced a concordant genetic structure in phylogenetically independent lineages. A rigorous bibliographic search was performed, selecting available molecular information from six taxa occupying distinct southern biomes of South America: Yungas, Prepuna, Puna and northern Monte. We estimated within-population genetic diversity, the genetic structure and haplotype phylogenies to assemble distribution maps of genetic barriers for each species. We found a strong association between genetic variation and latitudinal distribution of populations. We detected a major barrier for six taxa at 27°S latitude and a second one for a group of three species at 25–26°S. Two alternative non-exclusive hypotheses – geology and/or climate – explain concordant genetic barriers in divergent lineages. We suggest that the term ‘biogeographically significant units’ portrays a group of populations of phylogenetically unrelated taxa that inhabit the same geographic region that have been similarly impacted by major physical events, which can be used to identify priority areas in landscape conservation.

scholarly journals The effect of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status on racial differences in ovarian cancer treatment in a population-based analysis in Chicago

2014 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte E. Joslin ◽  
Katherine C. Brewer ◽  
Faith G. Davis ◽  
Kent Hoskins ◽  
Caryn E. Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Race and Ethnicity in Medical Research: Requirements Meet Reality

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Winker
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Genetics Research ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Policy And Procedure

Race and ethnicity are commonly reported variables in biomedical research, but how they were initially determined is often not described and the rationale for analyzing them is often not provided. JAMA improved the reporting of these factors by implementing a policy and procedure for doing so. However, still lacking are careful consideration of what is actually being measured when race/ethnicity is described, consistent terminology, hypothesis-driven justification for analyzing race/ethnicity, and a consistent and generalizable measurement of socioeconomic status. Furthermore, some studies continue to use race/ethnicity as a proxy for genetics. Research into appropriate measures of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors, as well as education of researchers regarding issues of race/ethnicity, is necessary to clarify the meaning of race/ethnicity in the biomedical literature.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being: Testing Alternative Sociological Interpretations

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
William McTeer ◽  
James E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Zero ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between physical activity in sport and feelings of well-being, testing alternative interpretations of the relationship between these two variables. It was expected that there would be positive relationships between physical activity on the one hand and physical fitness, feelings of well-being, social interaction in the sport and exercise environment, and socioeconomic status on the other hand. It was also expected that physical fitness, social interaction, and socioeconomic status would be positively related to psychological well-being. Further, it was expected that any positive zero-order relationship of physical activity and well-being would be at least in part a result of the conjoint effects of the other variables. The analyses were conducted separately for the male and female subsamples of a large survey study of Canadian adults. The results, after controls, show a modest positive relationship of physical activity and well-being for males but no such relationship for females. The predicted independent effects of the control factors obtained for both males and females. Interpretations of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Investigating the Extent to Which Personality Traits and Demographics Affect Job Satisfaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sajid Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ranking Analysis

The primary concern of this paper is to investigatethe extent to which three variables (i.e. personality traits, demographic variables, and job satisfaction) are interrelated with each other and what effect they have on each other in relation to the UK retail sector. The four different types of retail stores i.e. Tesco, Primark, Ikea and WH Smith were selected for survey purpose to minimise the class biasness.Total 300 close-ended questionnaires were distributed and 220 responses were obtained.The findings reveal that ‘Neuroticism’ is negatively associated with job satisfaction as well as with ‘Extraversion’. However, it is positively correlated with other three personality groups including ‘Agreeableness’, ‘Conscientious’, and ‘Openness’. On the other hand, ‘Openness to experience’ has a negative relationship with ‘Agreeableness’.It is also found from the ranking analysis that employees with ‘Agreeableness’ and ‘Conscientiousness’ personalities are more successful in their career and consequently they are more satisfied with their jobs.

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