Impact of Electronic Faucets and Water Quality on the Occurrence ofPseudomonas aeruginosain Water: A Multi-Hospital Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Charron ◽  
Emilie Bédard ◽  
Cindy Lalancette ◽  
Céline Laferrière ◽  
Michèle Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Enzymatic Detection ◽  
Enzyme Detection ◽  
Hospital Study

OBJECTIVETo comparePseudomonas aeruginosaprevalence in electronic and manual faucets and assess the influence of connecting pipes and water quality.SETTINGFaucets in 4 healthcare centers in Quebec, Canada.METHODSWater samples from 105 electronic, 90 manual, and 14 foot-operated faucets were analyzed forP. aeruginosaby culture and enzymatic detection, and swab samples from drains and aerators were analyzed by culture. Copper and residual chlorine concentrations, temperature, and flow rate were measured.P. aeruginosaconcentrations were analyzed in 4 consecutive volumes of cold water and a laboratory study was conducted on copper pipes and flexible hoses.RESULTSP. aeruginosacontamination was found in drains more frequently (51%) than in aerators (1%) or water (culture: 4%, enzyme detection: 16%). Prevalence in water samples was comparable between manual (14%) and 2 types of electronic faucets (16%) while higher for foot-operated faucets (29%). However, type 2 electronic faucets were more often contaminated (31%) than type 1 (14%), suggesting that faucet architecture and mitigated volume (30 mL vs 10 mL) influenceP. aeruginosagrowth. Concentrations were 100 times higher in the first 250 mL than after flushing. Flexible hoses were more favorable toP. aeruginosagrowth than copper and a temperature of 40°C led to higher counts.CONCLUSIONSThe types of faucets and connecting pipes, flow rate, and water quality are important parameters influencing the prevalence and the concentrations ofP. aeruginosain faucets. High concentrations ofP. aeruginosain the first 250 mL suggest increased risk of exposure when using the first flush.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–9

scholarly journals Spatial Variation of Water Chemistry in Aries River Catchment Western Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6592
Author(s):  
Ana Moldovan ◽  
Maria-Alexandra Hoaghia ◽  
Anamaria Iulia Török ◽  
Marius Roman ◽  
Ionut Cornel Mirea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to investigate the quality and vulnerability of surface water (Aries River catchment) in order to identify the impact of past mining activities. For this purpose, the pollution and water quality indices, Piper and Durov plots, as well vulnerability modeling maps were used. The obtained results indicate that the water samples were contaminated with As, Fe, Mn, Pb and have relatively high concentrations of SO42−, HCO3−, TDS, Ca, K, Mg and high values for the electrical conductivity. Possible sources of the high content of chemicals could be the natural processes or the inputs of the mine drainage. Generally, according to the pollution indices, which were correlated to high concentrations of heavy metals, especially with Pb, Fe and Mn, the water samples were characterized by heavy metals pollution. The water quality index classified the studied water samples into five different classes of quality, namely: unsuitable for drinking, poor, medium, good and excellent quality. Similarly, medium, high and very high vulnerability classes were observed. The Durov and Piper plots classified the waters into Mg-HCO3− and Ca-Cl− types. The past and present mining activities clearly change the water chemistry and alter the quality of the Aries River, with the water requiring specific treatments before use.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physico-chemical Qualities of Halabja Drinking Water

2021 ◽  
pp. 3816-3826
Author(s):  
Othman Abdulrahman Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
North East ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Water is crucial for all known forms of life without providing any calories or organic nutrients, while many people, especially in developing countries, may not be able to access pure and safe drinking water. They could lose their lives or become sick because waterborne diseases could contaminate the water, and when the chemical and/or physical properties of the water are not within the national and international standards. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate water quality of the Halabja drinking water and Sirwan river. Halabja city is located to north of Iraq, north-east of the capital Baghdad. Every week of the year 2019, apart from official holidays, water samples were collected from each of river and several areas (4-10 sections) in Halabja for the bacteriological analysis, while chemical and physical water quality was monthly checked. The results showed no detectable waterborne pathogens in all drinking water samples. Additionally, values of pH, turbidity, total dissolved substances, and electrical conductivity of the purified water samples had ranges of 7.97–8.5, 0.02-0.8 NTU, 246–362 mg/L, and 383–566 µS/cm, respectively. The treated drinking water was free of Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) and nitrite. The amounts of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate varied during the year 2019, with ranges of 48.2- 73.8, 36-141.5, and 1-5 mg/L, respectively. The values of water hardness and Ca+2 and Mg+2 concentrations ranged 132- 344, 48–89.5, and 2.2-29.2 mg/L, respectively. Based on the results, values of all the above parameters were within the Iraqi and the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards, although the value of water hardness and the concentration of Ca+2 were near the upper limits of the standards, which might cause harm to the human body.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater around Lapite Dumpsite for Irrigation Water Quality in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Oluwatoyin Opeyemi Akintola ◽  
Gabriel Oladapo Adeyemi ◽  
Adewunmi Idayat Bodede ◽  
Oluwatoyin Adekoya ◽  
Kehinde O. Babatunde
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

Due to the increase in population and industrialization growth, most countries in the world depend on groundwater to meet agriculture demands for food production. The increase in water contamination due to indiscriminate solid wastes has necessitated the assessment of water quality and its suitability for agricultural usage. Twenty four groundwater and ten stream water samples were randomly collected from the downslope and upslope side of the dumpsite for all the major physio-chemical parameters. The pH of water samples indicates slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. High concentrations of nitrate, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity suggest the impact of the waste on the water resource. Assessment of irrigation water quality based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Permeability Index (PI) and Magnesium content (MC) indicated that most of the water samples fall within the permissible standard for irrigation water. Thus, the water should be used with caution on crops for long time agricultural sustainability.

scholarly journals Inhibition effects of Gorge Fischer plumbing system on growth and amplification of Legionella Pneumophila with culture and PCR based on 16sRNA and mip genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Barzegar ◽  
Ghader Ghanizadeh ◽  
Davoud Esmaeili
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Legionella is an aquatic bacterium that causes Legionnaires' fever. Methods Fifty-six samples of the hot and cold-water system were collected. Characteristics of water samples were measured. Culture was performed in BCYE agar. Molecular identification was performed by PCR. Results The mean residual chlorine were 0.73 to 0.88 mg / l. Culture results were positive 58.8% of George Fischer and 23.5% of Ray Ho and 60% Taleghani hospital samples. PCR results based on 16sRNA were 35.2% of the George Fischer system, 45.4%, from Ray Ho piping and 54.5% from Taleghani hospital. the results of the mip gene, 82.3% of George Fischer, 54.5% of RayHo and 20% of Taleghani hospital were positive. Conclusion George Fischer’s Legionella stopper pipes and fittings have a good ability to control the growth Legion density in the indoor water supply system and can be considered as a suitable option for use in indoor plumbing and water supply.

scholarly journals GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES AIDED STUDY OF GHAGGAR RIVER WATER QUALITY FOR DRINKING PURPOSE IN PANCHKULA DISTRICT, HARYANA, INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar ◽  
Shubham Chauhan ◽  
V.S. Arya
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Water Testing ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Pollutant Sources ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate ◽  
Drinking Purpose

Water is important for survival of living beings as well as geological and geomorphic processes on the planet Earth. In the present scenario of developmental activities both surface and groundwater are polluted and need attention for checking the pollutant sources. Ghaggar river in northern part of the country is flowing from the states-Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and finally in Pakistan. In the upper part of the Ghaggar river after entering in Haryana in Panchkula district its water quality has been assessed for drinking purpose. Eight river water samples were collected from different locations of Ghaggar River in the month of June 2019. Water samples were analyzed using Field Water Testing Kit prepared by Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD), Chennai for chemical parameters-pH, Hardness, Chloride, Fluoride, Iron, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate and Residual Chlorine. Results of chemical analysis of water samples were categories as per BIS drinking water standards (IS 10500:2012). In the river water samples pH ranges from 6.5 to 7.5; hardness ranges from 100 mg/l to 1170 mg/l; chloride ranges from 50 mg/l to 360 mg/l; fluoride ranges from 0.5 mg/l to 3 mg/l; iron ranges from nil to 10 mg/l; aammonia ranges from 0.5 mg/l to 5 mg/l; nitrite ranges from 0.2 mg/l to 1 mg/l; nitrate ranges from 20 mg/l to 150 mg/l; phosphate ranges from 0.5 mg/l to 1 mg/l and residual chlorine ranges from nil to 2 mg/l. The data interpretation shows that pH in all the eight water samples is desirable for drinking purpose; hardness is desirable at Bitna, Kaushalya Dam, MajriChowk, Peer Muchchalla, Sector28, Panchkula, Daffarpur and permissible at Jagatpur and non-potable at ChandiMandir; chloride is desirable at Bitna, Jagatpur, Kaushalya Dam, MajriChowk, Peer Muchchalla, Sector-28, Panchkula, Daffarpur and permissible at ChandiMandir; fluoride is desirable at Bitna, Jagatpur, Kaushalya Dam, MajriChowk, Peer Muchchalla, Sector-28, Panchkula, Daffarpur and non-potable at ChandiMandir; iron is desirable at Bitna, Kaushalya Dam, Peer Muchchalla, Sector-28, Panchkula, Daffarpur and non-potable at Jagatpur, ChandiMandir, MajriChowk; ammonia is desirable at Bitna, Sector-28, Panchkula, Daffarpur and non-potable at Jagatpur, Kaushalya Dam, ChandiMandir, MajriChowk, Peer Muchchalla; nitrite is desirable in all the eight water samples; nitrate is desiarble at ChandiMandir, MajriChowk, Peer Muchchalla, Sector-28, Panchkula and non-potable at Bitna, Jagatpur, Kaushalya Dam, Daffarpur; phosphate is desirable in all the eight water samples and residual chlorine is desirable at Bitna, Jagatpur, Kaushalya Dam, ChandiMandir, Peer Muchchalla, Sector-28, Panchkula, Daffarpur and non-potable at MajriChowk. The study shows that river water is not suitable for drinking purpose in seven water samples except one water sample (Sector-28, Panchkula). The study is highly useful for monitoring the water quality of Ghaggar River.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Treatment Plant and Drinking Water Quality Assessment from Source to Household, Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Belay Desye ◽  
Biniam Belete ◽  
Zinabu Asfaw Gebrezgi ◽  
Tsegaye Terefe Reda
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Residual Chlorine

Introduction. Access to safe drinking water is essential to health, and it is a basic human right. However, drinking water treatment plant efficiency and its water quality are not well investigated in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Methods. A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 water samples. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22 to generate descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA was used to test statistically significant difference. Results. Physicochemical qualities of the water samples from tap water sources were found to be pH (6.88 ± 0.05), turbidity (5.15 ± 0.006 NTU), electrical conductivity (170.6 ± 0.1 μS/cm), residual chlorine (0.19 ± 0.003 mg/L), and fluoride (1.17 ± 0.009 mg/L). The removal efficiency of turbidity, total hardness, and nitrate was found to be 94.4%, 52.3%, and 88.7%, respectively. Removal efficiency of the treatment plant for total coliforms up to 91.6% (15 ± 0.26 CFU/100 mL in tap water) and faecal coliforms up to 99% (1.51 ± 0.03 CFU/100 mL in tap water) was recorded. Parameters of pH, temperature, and faecal coliform were statistically significant different at p < 0.05 in tap water source. The overall efficiency of the treatment plant (68.5%) and the water quality index (76) were recorded. Conclusion. Based on the results, some of the investigated parameters of water quality (turbidity, residual chlorine, total coliform, and faecal coliform) were found to be not within the permissible limits of WHO guideline values for drinking water quality. The water quality index of the water samples was categorized under good water quality. To adequately treat drinking water and improve the treatment plant, adequate preliminary treatments like screening to reduce the incoming organic loading, proper chlorination of the drinking water system, and frequent monitoring and maintenance of the treatment plant system are required.

Rapid enzymatic detection of heterotrophic activity of environmental bacteria

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Tryland ◽  
L. Fiksdal
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Environmental Bacteria ◽  
Enzymatic Detection ◽  
General Indicator

Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) is considered a useful general indicator of water quality. However, the analysis time is too long (48-72h) to provide information about a decrease in water quality that may require immediate remedial measures. High numbers of heterotrophic bacteria (HB) may also interact in the analysis of coliform bacteria resulting in false low numbers. Limited information is available on the variation of cellular 4-methylumbelliferyl-heptanoate hydrolase (MUHase) activity of HB under different environmental conditions and it is not known if MUHase activity exists in all HB. In this study, MUHase activity has been evaluated for rapid (25min) detection of HPC. The MUHase activity of different bacterial isolates from environmental water samples varied by several log units. Natural water samples showed less variation in activity calculated per CFU, indicating a relatively constant ratio between numbers of bacteria with high and low enzyme levels. The MUHase activity therefore provided a rapid estimate of the HPC of the water samples. The MUHase activity was more resistant to chlorine than the HPC, and separate HPC versus MUHase activity correlation curves should be established for chlorinated and non-chlorinated water.

Thrombin Generation Measured Ex Vivo Following Microvasculor Injury Is Increased in SLE Patients with Antiphospholipid-protein Antibodies

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (04) ◽  
pp. 1173-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Musiał ◽  
Jakub Swadźba ◽  
Miłosz Jankowski ◽  
Marek Grzywacz ◽  
Stanisława Bazan-Socha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Incision ◽  
Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽  
Small Blood Vessel ◽  
Anionic Phospholipids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Concentrations

SummaryAntiphospholipid-protein antibodies (APA) include lupus-type anticoagulant (LA) and antibodies recognizing complexes of anionic phospholipids (e.g. cardiolipin) and proteins (e.g. prothrombin and (β2-glycoprotein I). The presence of APA is associated with an increased risk of both arterial and venous thrombosis. However, the pathogenic mechanism leading to thrombosis in patients with APA remains unclear. We studied 32 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were divided into two groups depending on the presence (n = 19) or absence (n = 13) of APA. Healthy volunteers (n = 12) matched by age and sex served as controls. In all subjects LA and IgG class anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) were determined. Thrombin generation was monitored ex vivo measuring fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (F1 + 2) in blood emerging from a skin microvasculature injury, collected at 30 second intervals. In subjects with antiphospholipid antibodies mean FPA and F1 + 2 concentrations were signiF1cantly higher at most blood sampling times than in controls. In some SLE patients with APA the process of thrombin generation was clearly disturbed and very high concentrations of F1brinopeptide A were detected already in the F1rst samples collected. Two minutes after skin incision SLE patients without APA produced slightly more FPA, but not F1 + 2, as compared to healthy subjects. Mathematical model applied to analyze the thrombin generation kinetics revealed that APA patients generated signiF1cantly greater amounts of thrombin than healthy controls (p = 0.02 for either marker). In contrast, in the same patients generation of thrombin in recalciF1ed plasma in vitro was delayed pointing to the role of endothelium in the phenomenon studied. In summary, these data show for the F1rst time that in SLE patients with antiphospholipid-protein antibodies thrombin generation after small blood vessel injury is markedly increased. Enhanced thrombin generation might explain thrombotic tendency observed in these patients.

Investigation of Some Water Quality Parameters of Pond Water under Mymensingh Municipality

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
F Zannat ◽  
MA Ali ◽  
MA Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality parameters of pond water at Mymensingh Urban region. The water samples were collected from 30 ponds located at Mymensingh Urban Region during August to October 2010. The chemical analyses of water samples included pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, S, Mn and As were done by standard methods. The chemical properties in pond water were found pH 6.68 to 7.14, EC 227 to 700 ?Scm-1, Na 15.57 to 36.00 ppm, K 3.83 to 16.16 ppm, Ca 2.01 to 7.29 ppm, S 1.61 to 4.67 ppm, Mn 0.33 to 0.684 ppm and As 0.0011 to 0.0059 ppm. The pH values of water samples revealed that water samples were acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. The EC value revealed that water samples were medium salinity except one sample and also good for irrigation. According to drinking water standard Mn toxicity was detected in pond water. Considering Na, Ca and S ions pond water was safe for irrigation and aquaculture. In case of K ion, all the samples were suitable for irrigation but unsuitable for aquaculture.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 85-89 2015

ABOLITION OF MAGNESIUM-INDUCED HYPOCALCAEMIA BY ACUTE THYRO-PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE CAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pors Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Isotonic Sodium Chloride ◽  
Plasma Calcium Concentration ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

ABSTRACT Intravenous infusion of isotonic magnesium chloride into young cats with a resultant mean plasma magnesium concentration of 7.7 meq./100 g protein was followed by a significant lowering of the plasma calcium concentration in 90 minutes. The rate of decrease of plasma calcium is consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin is released by magnesium in high concentrations. There was no decrease in the plasma calcium concentration in cats of the same weight thyroparathyroidectomized 60 min before an identical magnesium chloride infusion or an infusion of isotonic sodium chloride at the same flow rate. The hypercalciuric effect of magnesium could not account for the hypocalcaemic effect of magnesium. Plasma magnesium concentration during magnesium infusion into cats with an intact thyroid-parathyroid gland complex was slightly, but not significantly higher than in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized cats.

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