scholarly journals EAST ASIAN PATHWAYS TOWARD DEMOCRACY: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF “THE THIRD WAVE”

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinan Hao ◽  
Qiqi Gao
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Joint Forces

AbstractWhat drove the East Asian tide of democratization during the “Third Wave?” Instead of focusing on a single-factor explanation, we perform qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) on fourteen cases in the region of East Asia from 1980 to 2000 and find three parallel pathways: (1) overthrow model, which features the positive effects of mass mobilization against authoritarianism under a deinstitutionalized authoritarian regime; (2) urban pressure model that works under an institutionalized authoritarian regime; and (3) inside-out model, in which democratization is triggered by the joint forces of domestic and international conditions under both types of regimes. These results demonstrate that the authoritarianstatus quo anteis an important determinant of democratic transitions.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Haggard ◽  
Robert R. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Political ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Democratic Rule

This book examines regime change during the so-called Third Wave by focusing on transitions to and from democratic rule, taking into account factors such as the nature of authoritarian and democratic institutions, regime performance, and capacities for collective action on the part of civil society. Drawing on seventy-eight discrete democratic transitions and twenty-five cases of reversion to autocracy that occurred between 1980 and 2008 as coded in two widely used datasets, the book considers how structural factors affect transitions to and reversions from democracy. It shows that democratization driven by mass mobilization appears to hinge on political factors: how exclusionary or co-optive authoritarian regimes are and the extent to which publics are capable of mobilizing grievances into the political arena. This introduction defines core terms and justifies the book's focus on the Third Wave. It also previews the book's empirical findings and concludes with a note on the research method used.

Modeling Democratic Transitions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Teo
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transitions To Democracy ◽  
Distributive Conflict ◽  
Mass Protest ◽  
Prairie Fire

This chapter examines why some democratic transitions were driven by mass mobilization, while others appeared to be predominantly elite processes, with a greater role for international influences as well. It first outlines core theoretical arguments about the way authoritarian regimes and the capacity for collective action influence transitions to democracy before discussing some statistical modeling of transitions during the Third Wave. Contrary to “prairie fire” models of political mobilization, this chapter shows that enduring social organizations play a major role in fomenting the mass protest that drives distributive conflict transitions, particularly unions and ethnonationalist organizations. Moreover, it provides evidence that these factors do not give us purchase in explaining elite-led transitions.

Liberal democracy as the end of history

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doh Chull Shin ◽  
Hannah June Kim
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Political System ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
End Of History ◽  
The Third ◽  
The End Of History

A growing number of political scientists have recently advocated the theses that democracy has emerged as a universal value and that it is also becoming the universally preferred system of government. Do most people in East Asia prefer democracy to nondemocratic systems, as advocates of these Western theses claim? Do they embrace liberal democracy as the most preferred system as they become socioeconomically modernized and culturally liberalized? To address these questions, we first propose a typology of privately concealed political system preferences as a new conceptual tool in order to ascertain their types and subtypes without using the word “democracy”. By means of this typology, we analyze the third wave of the Asian Barometer Survey conducted in 12 democratic and nondemocratic countries. The analysis reveals that a hybrid system, not liberal democracy, is the most preferred system even among the culturally liberalized and socioeconomically modernized segments of the East Asian population. Our results show that the increasingly popular theses of universal and liberal democratization serve merely in East Asia as prodemocracy rhetoric, not as theoretically meaningful propositions.

Inequality and Transitions to Democracy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Haggard ◽  
Robert R. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transitions To Democracy ◽  
Distributive Conflict ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

This chapter explores the relationship between inequality, distributive conflict, and regime change during the Third Wave of democratic transitions (1980–2008). It first provides an overview of the theory and existing quantitative findings on the link between inequality and democratic transitions before discussing the results obtained by using an empirical approach that selects all transitions in the relevant sample period identified in the Polity and CGV datasets. It shows that about half of the transitions analyzed are the result of the mobilized de facto power envisioned by both the sociological and rational choice distributive conflict theories. Cases of democratization driven by distributive conflict constituted only slightly more than half of the universe of transitions during the period, and neither transitions in general nor those driven by distributive conflict were correlated with economic inequality. The emergence of democracy in the advanced industrial states stemmed in part from fundamental changes in class structures.

Conditions of civilian control in new democracies: an empirical analysis of 28 ‘third wave’ democracies

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kuehn ◽  
Aurel Croissant ◽  
Jil Kamerling ◽  
Hans Lueders ◽  
André Strecker
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Civilian Control ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military

Institutionalizing civilian control over the military is a crucial challenge for newly democratized nations. This paper aims to answer the question under which conditions civilian control can be established after the transition to democracy, and under which conditions civilian control fails. To answer this question, we draw on original data on civil–military relations in 28 new democracies in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America and run a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. We find that no single explanatory factor can be considered necessary for the success or failure of civilian control in new democracies, but identify a number of sufficient variable combinations to explain the development of civil–military relations after the transition to democracy.

Big government sentiment and support for protectionism in East Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89
Author(s):  
Wen-Chin Wu
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Policy Preference ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Preferences

While previous studies find that individual preferences for trade policies are shaped by economic and non-economic factors, it is still unclear whether people’s perception of their government’s role in citizens’ lives affects their attitudes toward free trade. In view of the “developmental state” legacy in East Asia, I investigate how the “big government sentiment” in East Asians’ mindset is associated with their support for protectionism. Based on the data of the third-wave Asian Barometer Survey conducted during 2010 and 2012, I find that when people think that government should bear a major responsibility for the wellbeing of its people, they are more supportive of protectionist policies. This finding contributes to studies of East Asian political economy as well as the formation of individual trade policy preference.

scholarly journals Growing up in the Third Wave: democratic transitions and support for redistribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Ngai
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Birth Cohort Effect ◽  
Time Invariant

Variation in experiences of democratic transition have durable effects on political attitudes. I find exposure to distributive narratives of democracy during democratic transitions between the ages of 18 and 25 has a durable positive effect on support for redistribution by tying economic redistribution to the idea of democracy. Using survey data from 28 countries that transitioned during the Third Wave (1980-2000), I show that these effects cannot be caused by any global period effect, survey period effect, birth cohort effect, or country-specific time-invariant characteristics. They are also robust to the inclusion of past experiences of the economy and welfare state, individual controls, and a range of modeling strategies. Using a different source of variation in democratic transitions from 2001-2020, I show that transitions cause attitudes and not the other way around. I argue that many failures of democracy in Third Wave countries are caused by the nature of the transitions from which they originated: distributive transitions produced democratic collective imaginaries irreconcilable with the amount of democratic redistribution that was forthcoming.

Conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Haggard ◽  
Robert R. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Third Wave ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Democratic Rule ◽  
Distributive Conflict ◽  
The Impact

This book has examined prevalent structural approaches to democratization, including modernization and distributive conflict theories, by testing them against the experience of the Third Wave. It has shown that the democratic transitions during the period marked a fundamental expansion of opportunities for people around the world to exercise political rights and hold their leaders accountable. However, the regime changes of those decades also included instances of reversion to autocracy and increasing evidence of the resilience of authoritarian rule. This conclusion summarizes the book's findings and considers their relevance for the period since 2008, focusing in particular on the impact of factors such as inequality, economic development, institutions, collective action, and distributive conflicts on transitions to and from democratic rule. It also revisits the definitions of democracy and democratization as spelled out in the book.

Democratic Transitions in the Late Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 334-347
Author(s):  
Peter Thiery
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Relevant Factors

This chapter provides an overview of the latest democratization thrust, which had already ebbed away by the mid-2000s, and which Samuel Huntington describes as the ‘third wave’ of democratization. This wave began in the 1970s in Southern Europe (Portugal, Greece, Spain) and spread via Latin America to Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa; only the Arab world remained largely resistant to democratization efforts until the ‘Arab Spring’. The different (and changing) global and international environments, different currents, the course, and the results of this wave of democratization at both global and regional levels are examined. Finally, the explanatory approaches and the relevant factors of these democratization processes are briefly outlined.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document