How to Build and Wield Business Power: The Political Economy of Pension Regulation in Chile, 1990–2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Bril-Mascarenhas ◽  
Antoine Maillet
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Business Power ◽  
Political Actions ◽  
Pension Regulation ◽  
Theoretical Developments

AbstractWhat explains the remarkable resilience of pension regulation in postauthoritarian Chile, even after decades of majoritarian voter discontent and growing international and domestic criticism of Pinochet’s pioneering private capitalization system? This puzzling outcome can be understood only by looking at the combined effect of the pension industry’s long-term power-building investments and its short-term political actions to outmaneuver state and societal challengers. Engaging new theoretical developments in political economy and historical institutionalism, this study examines the long-term process by which the previously nonexistent Chilean pension industry expanded and leveraged its power during key episodes of open contestation. The analysis of pension regulation in Chile between the 1980s and the 2010s illustrates the importance of placing business power in time, motivating new rounds of theory building in the quest to address the perennial question of how business gets what it wants in the political arena.

Micro-Dynamics of Protests: The Political and Cultural Conditions for Anti-U.S. Beef Protests in South Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Conservative Media ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Theoretical developments on the temporalities of social movements have been grounded in both long-term and mid-term perspectives. This focus has obscured the processes of short-term mobilizations, leaving it unclear whether the established models explain the micro-dynamics of short-term protests. Considering the important effects short-term protests have on political processes, it is crucial to analyze how they develop in interaction with their external environment every day. This article seeks to address this research lacuna by extending the current perspectives into short-term protests. It tests whether the daily fluctuations of political and cultural contexts shaped the anti-U.S. beef protests in South Korea in 2008, with a temporal span of 121 days. The findings emphasize the importance of political and discursive opportunities for protests to develop: While state repression as well as state actors' dissonant/incoherent statements spurred protests, third-party actors' dissonant/incoherent opinions in the conservative media led to a decline in protests.

Malnutrition and “Nutrition Engineering” in Low-Income Countries: A Rejoinder

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Berg
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Technical Solutions

Malnutrition cannot be reduced to any single causality. While the political economy explanation is correct, suffering must be addressed in the short term by the available technical solutions. More work is needed on both the long-term causes of malnutrition and on methods of prophylaxis and treatment for nutritional diseases.

Many Happy Returns? Investment Governance and the Political Economy of Time in UK Pensions Provision

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-246
Author(s):  
Craig Berry
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
The Political ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk

We are increasingly conscious that private pension schemes in the UK are primarily financial institutions. UK private pensions provision has always been highly financialized, but the individualization of provision means this dynamic matters more than ever to retirement incomes. Furthermore, individualization has occurred at a time when the UK economy’s capacity to support a long-term approach to capital investment, upon which pensions depend, has declined. The chapter argues that pensions provision essentially involves managing the failure of the future to resemble the present, or more specifically present forecasts of the future. As our ability to manipulate the value of the future has increased, our ability to tolerate forecast failure has declined. The chapter details how pension funds invest, and how this has changed, and provides an original understanding of several recent attempts to shape pensions investment, ultimately demonstrating the limitations of pensions policy in shaping how provision functions in practice.

Economic and Demographic Developments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Marzagalli
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
Marxist Interpretation ◽  
The Revolution

The reassessment of the driving forces leading to the French Revolution provoked the rejection of the traditional Marxist interpretation according to which the Revolution was led by an emerging capitalistic bourgeoisie strengthened by long-term industrial and trade growth, and the emergence of interpretations based on political and ideological developments. This chapter argues that demography and economy still offer important keys to understand the origins of the Revolution if they are embedded within a broader analysis, taking social, cultural, and political aspects into account. In stressing the escalation of social tensions provoked by an unequal redistribution of resources, analysis of the demographic and economic developments highlight the background against which the convergence of political and short-term subsistence crises pushed rural and urban masses to revolt in 1789. Without their actions, the political revolution led by a majority of the representatives who met at the Estates-General in 1789 would have been repressed.

The political economy of North-South commodity bargaining: the case of the International Sugar Agreement

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent A. Mahler
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
European Community ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
North And South

The historically unstable world trade in sugar has long stimulated multilateral efforts to stabilize sugar prices. In the negotiations leading to the International Sugar Agreement (ISA) of 1977, both producers and consumers were willing to make short-term concessions in the interest of reaching an accord that would benefit all in the long run–a pattern that has hardly been typical of North-South bargaining in general. But the ISA has failed to achieve its goal of more stable sugar prices in the years since its enactment. This failure is primarily due not to shortcomings in the agreement itself but rather to a major expansion of production in the only important sugar exporter that failed to ratify the ISA, the European Community. The ISA is important not only in its own right but also because it offers a good example of the promise–and the problems–of international commodity agreements in bringing about more stable and equitable relations between North and South.

HISTORY, POLITICS, AND CLAIMS OF MAN-MADE GLOBAL WARMING

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-271
Author(s):  
John David Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Scientific Support

Claims that a man-made global warming catastrophe is imminent have two major aspects: the scientific support offered for the claims, and the political proposals brought forth in response to the claims. The central questions are whether non-scientists should accept the claims themselves as true, and whether they should support the political proposals attached to them. Predictions of a coming disaster are shown to be a-historical in both the long term and the short term, to involve shifting predictions that are contrary to evidence, and to be opposed by many scientists. The political proposals to alleviate this alleged problem—especially plans by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—are shown to offer no alternative to fossil fuels, and to portend a major economic decline and permanent losses of liberty. The anthropogenic global warming claims are largely motivated not by science, but by a desire for socialist intervention on a national and a global scale. Neither the claims to an impending climate catastrophe nor the political proposals attached to those claims should be accepted.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and Livelihood Systems in Northwest Haiti

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamadou Baro
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
And Migration

This paper examines rural livelihood systems in Haiti from both a political andecological perspective. While political developments in Haiti have taken center stage inmost analyses, the environmental impacts of population growth, highly varied livelihoodstrategies, and migration opportunities appear to have played a major role in the current tragic situation. Illegal migration not only seems to alleviate short term poverty but also appears to benefit households long term as revenues from migration improve households' land holding situation. Nevertheless, the steadily declining ecological situation may already be exceeding the creative livelihood strategies of Haitian producers.Key words: Haiti, political economy, political ecology, livelihood strategies,households, livestock, agriculture, migration.

scholarly journals The power of place-makers and merchants: Papal and Marian items in the political economy of pilgrimage

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mariano Barbato
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Pope Benedict Xvi ◽  
Benedict Xvi ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Based on two field studies on the micro level of items which place-makers and merchants display at holy sites, an argument about the supply side of the political economy of pilgrimage is proposed. Place-makers and merchants rely on the established pilgrims’ traditions but differ concerning innovations. Place-makers are the principals of the sites and invest in innovations in order to secure the site’s long-term performance. Merchants rely on short-term purchase decisions of the pilgrims. They prefer tried and tested products and look for novelties which fits in the pattern of success. While the resilience of placemakers demonstrate the power of the supply side, the cautiousness of the merchants hints to its limits. Rome during Francis’Jubilee of Mercy and the Bavarian Marian shrine Altötting in the years after the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI are the case studies to illustrate these claims in the perspective of Marian and papal pilgrimage.

scholarly journals Excedente e território: uma leitura das ferrovias brasileiras a partir do cruzamento entre direito econômico e geografia crítica

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Marquezan Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Critical Geography ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Economic Law

Excedente e território: uma leitura das ferrovias brasileiras a partir do cruzamento entre direito econômico e geografia crítica Surplus and territory: an understanding of brazilian railways from the interplay between economic law and critical geographyWalter Marquezan Augusto*  REFERÊNCIA AUGUSTO, Walter Marquezan. Excedente e território: uma leitura das ferrovias brasileiras a partir do cruzamento entre direito econômico e geografia crítica. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, n. 38, p. 199-219, ago. 2018. RESUMOABSTRACTO presente artigo busca construir uma linha interpretativa para pesquisas em direito econômico da infraestrutura a partir do cruzamento interdisciplinar com a geografia crítica. Considerando a complexidade envolvida na constituição do objeto de pesquisa em direito econômico, questiona-se quais pressupostos teóricos permitiriam uma abertura interdisciplinar aos fundamentos do próprio direito econômico. A hipótese aponta para as zonas conceituais comuns identificadas nos tópicos do excedente e do território. Apoiado nessa construção, propõe-se experimentalmente uma leitura sobre o setor ferroviário brasileiro. Partindo de referências historiográficas sobre o tema, o trabalho analisa a economia política da forma jurídica que aparece traduzida em determinados momentos de transformação das ferrovias brasileiras, na longa duração, sob o prisma do fluxo de excedente sobre os fixos e o desenvolvimento desigual do território dentro do campo da infraestrutura. This paper aims to build an interpretation for researches on infrastructure law from an interdisciplinary view with critical geography. Considering the complexity of the constitution of a research object in economic law, the article questions the theorical premises that could assume an interdisciplinary opening for the own economic law basis. The hypothesis indicates to mutual concepts of surplus and territory. Based on this, the work proposes an experimental interpretation of Brazilian railway sector. Emerging from historiographical references on this theme, this work analyzes the political economy of the juridical form that appears translated in certain moments of the Brazilian railroads transformation, in the long-term, under the prism of surplus flow over fixes and the uneven development of territory inside infrastructure field. PALAVRAS-CHAVEKEYWORDSDireito econômico da infraestrutura. Geografia crítica. Excedente. Território. Ferrovias.Infrastructure economic law. Critical geography. Surplus. Territory. Railways.* Doutorando na área de Direito Econômico e Economia Política do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo (USP).

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