scholarly journals Food Insecurity and Livelihood Systems in Northwest Haiti

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamadou Baro
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
And Migration

This paper examines rural livelihood systems in Haiti from both a political andecological perspective. While political developments in Haiti have taken center stage inmost analyses, the environmental impacts of population growth, highly varied livelihoodstrategies, and migration opportunities appear to have played a major role in the current tragic situation. Illegal migration not only seems to alleviate short term poverty but also appears to benefit households long term as revenues from migration improve households' land holding situation. Nevertheless, the steadily declining ecological situation may already be exceeding the creative livelihood strategies of Haitian producers.Key words: Haiti, political economy, political ecology, livelihood strategies,households, livestock, agriculture, migration.

scholarly journals Exploring the Livelihoods of Internally Displaced Persons in Kachin State, Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Htu Tawng Lazum
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Partial Solution ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Emergency Assistance

<p>The issue of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is a global crisis yet little research has been focused on the issue of the livelihoods of IDPs. Providing short-term emergency assistance is not enough when the period of displacement becomes permanent or longer than expected. IDPs need long-term solutions in order to resume a normal life. Pursuing appropriate livelihoods in urban areas is a big challenge yet constructing potential livelihoods is fundamental to achieving decent living not only for short-term situations but also for the long run. The lack of access to livelihoods is one of the most serious obstacles to durable solutions for IDPs, and long-term livelihood strategies are needed to lay the foundation for future development.  This study explores Kachin IDPs in Myanmar and their livelihood strategies and activities in urban camps by applying qualitative methods, the study focuses on how IDPs have been building their livelihoods during their displacement and who has been involved in supporting their livelihoods. This research also seeks insight into the effectiveness and sustainability of those livelihood activities and other potential strategies.   Results show that most livelihood activities are supported by both local and international humanitarian and development agencies and are mainly undertaken through local organisations. Agriculture and livestock rearing are preferred livelihoods of IDPs although getting appropriate land is challenging in urban areas. Income-generating programmes such as food processing, carpentry and bamboo handicrafts are also popular and successful activities. Moreover, tailoring, brick making, and pig rearing are also effective and helpful livelihoods for individuals. Those who are involved in livelihood support activities receive benefits and advantages for their family and daily needs while the majority of IDPs are working in day labouring. Respondents believe current livelihood activities can become sustainable as long as they maintain the quality of the products. Some IDPs have adapted to the city environment quite well by applying their capacity and the skills they learnt from humanitarian organisations. Supporting livelihood strategies may not resolve the problems of IDPs, however, it is an effective partial solution.</p>

scholarly journals Electrospun Active Biopapers of Food Waste Derived Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Short-Term and Long-Term Antimicrobial Performance

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez ◽  
Sergio Torres-Giner ◽  
Daniela Enescu ◽  
Luis Cabedo ◽  
Miguel A. Cerqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
High Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oregano Essential Oil ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Antimicrobial Performance ◽  
And Migration

This research reports about the development by electrospinning of fiber-based films made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) derived from fermented fruit waste, so-called bio-papers, with enhanced antimicrobial performance. To this end, different combinations of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were added to PHBV solutions and electrospun into mats that were, thereafter, converted into homogeneous and continuous films of ~130 μm. The morphology, optical, thermal, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and migration into food simulants of the resultant PHBV-based bio-papers were evaluated and their antimicrobial properties were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in both open and closed systems. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity decreased after 15 days due to the release of the volatile compounds, whereas the bio-papers filled with ZnONPs showed high antimicrobial activity for up to 48 days. The electrospun PHBV biopapers containing 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs successfully provided the most optimal activity for short and long periods against both bacteria.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations under strong population genetic forces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison F. Feder ◽  
Pleuni S. Pennings ◽  
Joachim Hermisson ◽  
Dmitri A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Neutral Equilibrium ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

AbstractHigh rates of migration between subpopulations result in little population differentiation in the long-term neutral equilibrium. However, in the short-term, even very abundant migration may not be enough for subpopulations to equilibrate immediately. In this study, we investigate dynamical patterns of short-term population differentiation in adapting populations via stochastic and analytical modeling through time. We characterize a regime in which selection and migration interact to create non-monotonic patterns of the population differentiation statistic FST when migration is weaker than selection, but stronger than drift. We demonstrate how these patterns can be leveraged to estimate high migration rates that would lead to panmixia in the long term equilibrium using an approximate Bayesian computation approach. We apply this approach to estimate fast migration in a rapidly adapting intra-host Simian-HIV population sampled from different anatomical locations. Notably, we find differences in estimated migration rates between different compartments, all above Nem = 1. This work demonstrates how studying demographic processes on the timescale of selective sweeps illuminates processes too fast to leave signatures on neutral timescales.

scholarly journals Using a political ecology framework to examine extra-legal livelihood strategies: a Lesotho-based case study of cultivation of and trade in cannabis

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Bloomer
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Rural Livelihood

Rural livelihood strategies that engage in criminalised activities and hidden economies are an important, yet understudied, aspect of achieving economic diversification.  This paper discusses findings from a project that examined the role and importance of cannabis cultivation, as a criminalised cash crop, in Lesotho.  The research employed a multi-strategy approach that combined qualitative and quantitative methodologies.  Cannabis income was found to play a very important role in economic and livelihood diversification in the study area.  The paper concludes that cannabis production, as an extra-legal livelihood strategy, should be viewed by policy makers using a livelihoods focus, rather than a criminal one, if rural smallholders are not to be further marginalised by drug control policies.Key words: cannabis; Lesotho; political ecology; extra-legal livelihood

scholarly journals Repository Africa in the Evolving “Chinese Century”: The Uneven Sino-Nigerian Water Conservation Partnership

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Adebusuyi Isaac Adeniran
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
International Development ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Development Practice

Although extant reconstruction of the limits of international development practice has been implicated in the budding involvement of China in Africa, debates on China's actual intents and prospects have continued to rage. Engaging an exploratory design and a political-ecology approach, which affirms the significance of human factors in contextualising, structuring, and contesting the natural world, this study assesses specific short-term and long-term outcomes of China's Gansu-modelled water conservation project in Kano, Nigeria. The shared ecological interface between China and Nigeria has facilitated transfer of relevant technology to the Guinea and Sahel regions in Northern Nigeria. Chinese involvement in the Nigerian water/agricultural sector has resulted in improved indigenous farmers’ skills, yields, and incomes. Sustaining the trend of ongoing intervention would imply a significant boost to Nigeria's drive towards self-reliance, though a long-term cleavage towards such Chinese interventions might eventually imply neo-dependency.

How to Build and Wield Business Power: The Political Economy of Pension Regulation in Chile, 1990–2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Bril-Mascarenhas ◽  
Antoine Maillet
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Business Power ◽  
Political Actions ◽  
Pension Regulation ◽  
Theoretical Developments

AbstractWhat explains the remarkable resilience of pension regulation in postauthoritarian Chile, even after decades of majoritarian voter discontent and growing international and domestic criticism of Pinochet’s pioneering private capitalization system? This puzzling outcome can be understood only by looking at the combined effect of the pension industry’s long-term power-building investments and its short-term political actions to outmaneuver state and societal challengers. Engaging new theoretical developments in political economy and historical institutionalism, this study examines the long-term process by which the previously nonexistent Chilean pension industry expanded and leveraged its power during key episodes of open contestation. The analysis of pension regulation in Chile between the 1980s and the 2010s illustrates the importance of placing business power in time, motivating new rounds of theory building in the quest to address the perennial question of how business gets what it wants in the political arena.

Malnutrition and “Nutrition Engineering” in Low-Income Countries: A Rejoinder

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Berg
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Technical Solutions

Malnutrition cannot be reduced to any single causality. While the political economy explanation is correct, suffering must be addressed in the short term by the available technical solutions. More work is needed on both the long-term causes of malnutrition and on methods of prophylaxis and treatment for nutritional diseases.

Immigration after Brexit

2016 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. R13-R21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Portes
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New System

This paper examines the short and long-term impacts of the UK referendum on migration flows and migration policy. Even in the short term – before any policy change – the vote will affect migration flows directly and indirectly through both economic and other channels. Post Brexit, two key issues will need to be addressed. Will the UK preserve a substantial measure of preference for EU citizens in any new system? And will policy tilt in a liberal or restrictive direction?

scholarly journals Migracje zarobkowe Polaków w kontekście brexitu

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Roman Kisiel ◽  
Wiesława Lizińska ◽  
Paulina Rosochacka
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Short Term ◽  
And Migration

The purpose of the work was to diagnose the scale of the phenomenon of labor migration of Poles to Great Britain. Data on population flows were used (emigration, immigration and migration balance) in 2004–2014. An attempt was also made to diagnose migration changes caused by the Brexit referendum. For this purpose, data were used in the years 2014–2016. The secondary data from Eurostat, the Macroeconomic Data Bank and Demographic Year 2017 (CSO) were used to analyze and assess the phenomenon of migration in the analyzed periods. The majority of migrant workers came to the British Isles in 2006. In the following years, interest in going abroad for long-term was not so great. There were definitely more Polish residents who decided to go for a short-term than for long-term. Another such a big interest in going for longterm to Great Britain took place in 2013. This tendency did not last too long. The referendum did not have a big impact on the short-term migra-tion. However, it reduced the willingness to go away for long-term.

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