scholarly journals List Experiment Design, Non-Strategic Respondent Error, and Item Count Technique Estimators

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Monte Carlo Experiments ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
List Experiment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Treatment ◽  
Simple Difference ◽  
Computational Strategy ◽  
Item Count Technique

The item count technique (ICT-MLE) regression model for survey list experiments depends on assumptions about responses at the extremes (choosing no or all items on the list). Existing list experiment best practices aim to minimize strategic misrepresentation in ways that virtually guarantee that a tiny number of respondents appear in the extrema. Under such conditions both the “no liars” identification assumption and the computational strategy used to estimate the ICT-MLE become difficult to sustain. I report the results of Monte Carlo experiments examining the sensitivity of the ICT-MLE and simple difference-in-means estimators to survey design choices and small amounts of non-strategic respondent error. I show that, compared to the difference in means, the performance of the ICT-MLE depends on list design. Both estimators are sensitive to measurement error, but the problems are more severe for the ICT-MLE as a direct consequence of the no liars assumption. These problems become extreme as the number of treatment-group respondents choosing all the items on the list decreases. I document that such problems can arise in real-world applications, provide guidance for applied work, and suggest directions for further research.

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN CONDUCTIVE MEDIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
M. S. Sudakova ◽  
M. L. Vladov ◽  
M. R. Sadurtdinov
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Direct And Inverse Problems ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Ideal Dielectric

Within the ground penetrating radar bandwidth the medium is considered to be an ideal dielectric, which is not always true. Electromagnetic waves reflection coefficient conductivity dependence showed a significant role of the difference in conductivity in reflection strength. It was confirmed by physical modeling. Conductivity of geological media should be taken into account when solving direct and inverse problems, survey design planning, etc. Ground penetrating radar can be used to solve the problem of mapping of halocline or determine water contamination.

scholarly journals Relevant continuing professional development and quality resource situation make the Difference in student academic performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Bosu
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Continuing Professional Development ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Academic Qualification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study seeks to look at the relationships among teachers’ academic qualification, availability of quality resources and the performance of students in Mathematics, English and Integrated science of Basic Schools at Kwahu-East in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The authors used a descriptive survey design which adopted the questionnaire, interview and observation in the collection of data. The authors used stratified random sampling in selecting 180 teachers whereas purposive sampling was used in selecting 27 headteachers and District Education Officers which used the Pearson correlation in the analysis. The study revealed that a teacher’s academic qualification obtained through education had no significant relationship with student’s academic performance in the respective subjects being measured by this study. The authors recommend that the Government of Ghana concentrate on providing continuing professional development (CPD) programmes that concentrate on practical situations in the schools and channel more resources to schools.

Billing Codes Determine Lower Physician Income for Primary Care and Non-Procedural Specialties

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arielle L. Langer ◽  
Miriam Laugesen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Physician Income ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The income gap between specialists and primary care physicians and among specialists is well established, but the drivers of this difference are not well delineated. Using the Community Tracking Study (CTS) Physician Survey, we sought to isolate and compare premiums paid to physicians for specialization and the proportion of time spent on offices visit rather than procedures. We divided medical subspecialties according the proportion of Medicare billing for Evaluation and Management (E&M) codes for the specialty as a whole. We report substantial differences in income across physician specialty, and over 70 percent of the difference in income remained controlling for factors that may confound the relationship between income and specialty including gender, location and type of practice, and hours. We note a large variation in premiums for specialization: 11.3–46.8 percent above family medicine after controlling for confounders. Classifying medical subspecialties by E&M billing as procedural versus non-procedural specialties revealed clear income differences. Controlling for confounders, procedural medical specialties earned 37.5 percent more than family medicine, as compared with 15.3 percent for non-procedural medical specialties. This analysis suggests that differences in physician income and resulting incentives are a direct consequence of the payment structure itself, rather than compensation for additional years of training or a reflection of different underlying demographics.

Statistical analysis of the item-count technique using Stata

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-434
Author(s):  
Chi-lin Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Count Data ◽  
Profile Likelihood ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
List Experiment ◽  
Experiment Technique ◽  
Item Count Technique

In this article, I review recent developments of the item-count technique (also known as the unmatched-count or list-experiment technique) and introduce a new package, kict, for statistical analysis of the item-count data. This package contains four commands: kict deff performs a diagnostic test to detect the violation of an assumption underlying the item-count technique. kict ls and kict ml perform least-squares estimation and maximum likelihood estimation, respectively. Each encompasses a number of estimators, offering great flexibility for data analysis. kict pfci is a postestimation command for producing confidence intervals with better coverage based on profile likelihood. The development of the item-count technique is still ongoing. I will continue to update the kict package accordingly.

Contribution of intermediate filaments to cell stiffness, stiffening, and growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. C188-C194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Dimitrije Stamenović
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Applied Stress ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Degree

It has been shown previously that intermediate filament (IF) gels in vitro exhibit stiffening at high-applied stress, and it was suggested that this stiffening property of IFs might be important for maintaining cell integrity at large deformations (Janmey PA, Evtenever V, Traub P, and Schliwa M, J Cell Biol 113: 155–160, 1991). In this study, the contribution of IFs to cell mechanical behavior was investigated by measuring cell stiffness in response to applied stress in adherent wild-type and vimentin-deficient fibroblasts using magnetic twisting cytometry. It was found that vimentin-deficient cells were less stiff and exhibited less stiffening than wild-type cells, except at the lowest applied stress (10 dyn/cm2) where the difference in the stiffness was not significant. Similar results were obtained from measurements on wild-type fibroblasts and endothelial cells after vimentin IFs were disrupted by acrylamide. If, however, cells were plated over an extended period of time (16 h), they exhibited a significantly greater stiffness before than after acrylamide, even at the lowest applied stress. A possible reason could be that the initially slack IFs became fully extended due to a high degree of cell spreading and thus contributed to the transmission of mechanical stress across the cell. Taken together, these findings were consistent with the notion that IFs play important roles in the mechanical properties of the cell during large deformation. The experimental data also showed that depleting or disrupting IFs reduced, but did not entirely abolish, cell stiffening. This residual stiffening might be attributed to the effect of geometrical realignment of cytoskeletal filaments in the direction of applied load. It was also found that vimentin-deficient cells exhibited a slower rate of proliferation and DNA synthesis than wild-type cells. This could be a direct consequence of the absence of the intracellular IFs that may be necessary for efficient mediation of mechanical signals within the cell. Taken together, results of this study suggest that IFs play important roles in the mechanical properties of cells and in cell growth.

An Empirical Study of Boosting Methods on Severely Imbalanced Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 2510-2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Ying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
Class Imbalance ◽  
Imbalanced Data ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Under Sampling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Imbalance Learning ◽  
Class Imbalance Learning ◽  
F Measure

Nowadays there are large volumes of data in real-world applications, which poses great challenge to class-imbalance learning: the large amount of the majority class examples and severe class-imbalance. Previous studies on class-imbalance learning mainly focused on relatively small or moderate class-imbalance. In this paper we conduct an empirical study to explore the difference between learning with small or moderate class-imbalance and learning with severe class-imbalance. The experimental results show that: (1) Traditional methods cannot handle severe class-imbalance effectively. (2) AUC, G-mean and F-measure can be very inconsistent for severe class-imbalance, which seldom appears when class-imbalance is moderate. And G-mean is not appropriate for severe class-imbalance learning because it is not sensitive to the change of imbalance ratio. (3) When AUC and G-mean are evaluation metrics, EasyEnsemble is the best method, followed by BalanceCascade and under-sampling. (4) A little under-full balance is better for under-sampling to handle severe class-imbalance. And it is important to handle false positives when design methods for severe class-imbalance.

scholarly journals Internal incubation and early hatching in brood parasitic birds

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1708) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Birkhead ◽  
N. Hemmings ◽  
C. N. Spottiswoode ◽  
O. Mikulica ◽  
C. Moskát ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
The Difference

The offspring of brood parasitic birds benefit from hatching earlier than host young. A proposed but little-known strategy to achieve this is ‘internal incubation’, by retaining the egg in the oviduct for an additional 24 h. To test this, we quantified the stage of embryo development at laying in four brood parasitic birds (European cuckoo, Cuculus canorus ; African cuckoo, Cuculus gularis ; greater honeyguide, Indicator indicator ; and the cuckoo finch, Anomalospiza imberbis ). For the two cuckoos and the honeyguide, all of which lay at 48 h intervals, embryos were at a relatively advanced stage at laying; but for the cuckoo finch (laying interval: 24 h) embryo stage was similar to all other passerines laying at 24 h intervals. The stage of embryo development in the two cuckoos and honeyguide was similar to that of a non-parasitic species that lay at an interval of 44–46 h, but also to the eggs of the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata incubated artificially at body temperature immediately after laying, for a further 24 h. Comparison with the zebra finch shows that internal incubation in the two cuckoos and honeyguide advances hatching by 31 h, a figure consistent with the difference between the expected and the observed duration of incubation in the European cuckoo predicted from egg mass. Rather than being a specific adaptation to brood parasitism, internal incubation is a direct consequence of a protracted interval between ovulation (and fertilization) and laying, but because it results in early hatching may have predisposed certain species to become brood parasitic.

Partitioning Contrast or Luminance Disparity into Perceived Intensity and Rotation

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hetley ◽  
Wm Wren Stine
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Rectangular Wave ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Simple Difference ◽  
Intensity Contrast

AbstractWhile most of the work on stereopsis focuses on geometric disparities, humans also respond to intensity (contrast or luminance) disparities in the absence of geometric disparities. A rectangular-wave grating viewed with an intensity disparity engenders two perceptions: a perceived intensity, and a perceived rotation of the individual bars of the grating (the Venetian blind effect). Measuring perceived intensity and perceived rotation in gratings with intensity disparities, we found that the two degrees of freedom from the intensities presented to each eye are conserved in the form of two perceptions: perceived intensity is related to the sum of the grating intensities and perceived rotation is related to the difference. Perceived rotation as a function of intensity disparity was then modeled as a simple difference in the neural response of each eye. Perceived contrast and brightness as a function of intensity disparity were modeled using the two-stage gain-control model.

scholarly journals Establishing defined daily doses (DDDs) for antimicrobial agents used for pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and comparing them with European DDD values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoko Fujimoto ◽  
Mai Kawasaki ◽  
Reiko Abe ◽  
Takashi Yokoyama ◽  
Takeshi Haga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Animal Medicine ◽  
European Values ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Treatment

AbstractMonitoring of antimicrobial use is essential to manage the development and selection of antimicrobial resistance. A variety of indicators has become available to monitor antimicrobial use in human and animal medicine. One of them is an indicator based on defined daily dose (DDD). By using the number of DDDs used and normalizing it by the population at risk of being treated in a defined period, one can estimate the number of treatment days with antimicrobial agents in a population. For veterinary medicine, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published the European values of DDD (DDDvet) for food-producing animals. In this study, we defined Japanese defined daily doses for antimicrobial agents (DDDjp) using DDD values that we previously assigned for antimicrobial products approved for use in pigs, cattle and poultry in Japan and compared them with DDDvet values. For the comparison, the quotient of Japanese and European values (QDDD) was calculated and the effect of the administration route and the number of active substances contained in the preparation was investigated. A total of 59, 51 and 27 DDDjp values were defined for 43, 32 and 25 antimicrobial agents using the data of 269, 195 and 131 products approved for use in pigs, cattle and poultry respectively. A comparison was possible for 44, 27 and 17 pairs of DDDjp and DDDvet values for antimicrobial agents used for pigs, cattle and poultry respectively. The comparison showed median QDDD value of 0.66 and 0.63 for antimicrobial agents used for pigs and cattle respectively (P<0.01), indicating that the Japanese daily doses are significantly lower than the corresponding EMA values in these species. For the antimicrobial agents used for poultry, no siginificant difference was observed between DDDjp and DDDvet values with median QDDD value of 1.17. The difference between DDDvet and DDDjp values and absence of DDDvet values for some antimicrobial agents marketed in Japan indicate that DDDjp rather than DDDvet should be used as the basis for the calculation of antimicrobial use monitoring in farm animals in Japan.

scholarly journals Colleagues are rivals: architecture and design in Russia

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Bokov
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The City

Architecture and design are fed from sources belonging to two different cultures. One can be conditionally called "artistic", the other is just as conditionally "engineering". The Roman-speaking, Latin world sees architecture and design as a phenomenon of artistic culture. Anglo-Saxon, Protestant world is inclined to attribute architecture and design to the field of engineering, practical and rational. Fundamental, essential differences do not arise between architecture and design, but between the cultures in which they are formed. In the Anglo- Saxon world there are a number of different designs, i.e. project practices, among which as an equal among equals architectural design. To the Latin world, our environment appears holistic and undivided, and its creator is an architect, a universal professional, capable of creating everything from the city to the door handle. A direct consequence of the implementation of these models is the difference in the appearance of Paris and New York. These models do not exist in isolation, they actively compete and influence each other. Traces of this competition are clearly discernible both in the nature of today's Moscow and in the professional consciousness of russian architects.

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