scholarly journals REVIEW OF DESIGN HEURISTICS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2571-2580
Author(s):  
Filip Valjak ◽  
Angelica Lindwall
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Support Methods

AbstractThe advent of additive manufacturing (AM) in recent years have had a significant impact on the design process. Because of new manufacturing technology, a new area of research emerged – Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) with newly developed design support methods and tools. This paper looks into the current status of the field regarding the conceptual design of AM products, with the focus on how literature sources treat design heuristics and design principles in the context of DfAM. To answer the research question, a systematic literature review was conducted. The results are analysed, compared and discussed on three main points: the definition of the design heuristics and the design principles, level of support they provide, as well as where and how they are used inside the design process. The paper highlights the similarities and differences between design heuristics and design principles in the context of DfAM.

Impact of Timing in the Design Process on Students' Application of Design for Additive Manufacturing Heuristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-56
Author(s):  
Anastasia Schauer ◽  
Kenton Fillingim ◽  
Katherine Fu
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The Way

Abstract The goal of this work is to study the way student designers use design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) rules, or heuristics. It can be challenging for novice designers to succeed at creating successful designs for additive manufacturing (AM), given its differences from traditional manufacturing methods. A study was carried out to investigate the way novices apply DfAM heuristics when they receive them at different points in the design process. A design problem was presented to students, and three different groups of student participants were given a lecture on DfAM heuristics at three different points in the design process. The novelty and quality of each of the resulting designs was evaluated. Results indicate that although the DfAM heuristics lecture had no impact on the overall quality of the designs generated, participants who were given the heuristics lecture after the initial design session produced designs that were better suited for 3D printing in the second phase of the design activity. However, receiving this additional information appears to prevent students from creatively iterating upon their initial designs, as participants in this group did not experience an increase in novelty between the two sessions. Additionally, receiving the heuristics lecture increased all students' perceptions of their ability to perform DfAM-related tasks. These results validate the practicality of design heuristics as AM training tools while also emphasizing the importance of iteration in the design process.

Design Principle Cards: Toolset to Support Innovations With Additive Manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlye A. Lauff ◽  
K. Blake Perez ◽  
Bradley A. Camburn ◽  
Kristin L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Central Research ◽  
New Business ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Early Stage Design

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) continues to play an important role in product development, and many companies are searching for how to best integrate AM into their products, business models, and design processes. Often, AM is integrated into later stages of the design process for products during manufacturing and production. However, there is an opportunity to introduce AM in early-stage design, which could spark new business models and services in addition to re-thinking manufacturing for products. The central research question for this paper is what is an appropriate and useful tool to support innovations with AM early in the design process? Prior work has extracted and validated AM design principles. This paper describes the strategic development of AM Principle Cards from these design principles. The cards are a vehicle for codified AM design principles to be shared and understood in a way that inspires learning, creativity, and AM considerations during the early stages of the design process. They implement a number of best-known practices from an inductive principle-extraction study and literature related to the use of design stimuli, learning theory, design by analogy, and creativity. The AM cards were awarded a Singapore Good Design Award (SG Mark) for 2019. The AM Principle Cards were validated in two studies. In this paper, an ideation study is conducted with 85 designers to elicit feedback about the cards’ effectiveness to explain concepts related to AM and their ability to inspire creativity and new innovations. An additional ideation study was conducted with 61 participants that showed significant improvement in quality and novelty of ideas. The full deck of the final 27 AM Principle Cards is shared for design educators and practitioners to use.

Enhancing Creative Redesign through Multi-Modal Design Heuristics for Additive Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bloesch-Paidosh ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
User Studies ◽  
Novice User ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Derived Design ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Early Phases

Abstract When designing for Additive Manufacturing (AM), designers often need assistance in breaking out of their conventional manufacturing mind-set. Previously, Blösch-Paidosh and Shea (2019) derived Design Heuristics for AM (DHAM) to assist designers in doing this during the early phases of the design process. This work proposes a set of 25 multi-modal cards and objects to accompany each of the Design Heuristics for AM and studies their effect through a series of controlled, novice user studies conducted using both teams and individuals who redesign a city E-Bike. The resulting AM concepts are analyzed in terms of the quantity of design modifications relevant for AM, AM-flexibility, novelty, and variety. It is found that the DHAM cards and objects increase the inclusion of AM concepts, AM modifications, and the unique capabilities of AM in the concepts generated by both individuals and teams. They also increase the creativity of the concepts generated by both individuals and teams, as measured through a series of defined metrics. Further, the objects in combination with the cards are more effective at stimulating the generation of a wider variety of designs than the cards alone. Future work will focus on studying the use of the DHAM cards and objects in an industrial setting.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Potential of Design for Additive Manufacturing Heuristic Cards to Stimulate Novel Product Redesigns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Blösch-Paidosh ◽  
Saeema Ahmed-Kristensen ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
Design Students ◽  
Functional Complexity ◽  
Team Design ◽  
Design Freedom ◽  
Design Heuristic ◽  
Tools And Methods

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) affords those who wield it correctly the benefits of shape, material, hierarchical, and functional complexity. However, many engineers and designers lack the training and experience necessary to take full advantage of these benefits. They require training, tools, and methods to assist them in gaining the enhanced design freedom made possible by additive manufacturing. This work, which is an extension of the authors’ previous work, explores if design heuristics for AM, presented in a card-based format, are an effective mechanism for helping designers achieve the design freedoms enabled by AM. The effectiveness of these design heuristic cards is demonstrated in an experiment with 27 product design students, by showing that there is an increase in the number of unique capabilities of AM being utilized, an increase in the AM novelty, and an increase in the AM flexibility of the generated concepts, when given access to the cards. Additionally, similar to the previous work, an increase in the number of interpreted heuristics and AM modifications present in the participants’ designs when they are provided with the heuristic cards is shown. Comparisons are also made between 8-heuristic and 29-heuristic experiments, but no conclusive statements regarding these comparisons can be drawn. Further user studies are planned to confirm the efficacy of this format at enhancing the design freedoms achieved in group and team design scenarios.

Shape and Performance Controlled Advanced Design for Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Slicing and Path Planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghua Zhao ◽  
Weizhong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Path Planning ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Curved Surfaces ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) brings out a revolution of how the products are designed and manufactured. To obtain desired components, advanced design for additive manufacturing (ADfAM) is widely emphasized in geometry, material, and function design. 3D slicing and path planning, which are the critical steps of ADfAM, directly determine manufacturing process variables, shape, and performance of printed parts. For widely used planar slicing, the contradiction between accuracy and build time has attracted considerable attention and efforts, leading to various novel and optimization methods. Nevertheless, curved surfaces and slopes along the build direction constrain the surfaces to be smooth due to the inherent staircase effect of AM. Meanwhile, there is significant anisotropy of the printed piece making it sensitive to any shear (or bending) stress. Moreover, support structures for the overhang part are necessary when building along one direction, resulting in time-consuming and cost-expensive process. Due to the rapid development of 3D slicing and path planning, and various newly proposed methods, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge. Notwithstanding, there are fewer literature reviews concerning planar slicing and filling strategy. Less attention has been paid to non-planar slicing, path planning on curved surfaces, and multi-degree of freedom (DOF) AM equipment, as well as printing under pressure. Hence, it is significant to get a comprehensive understanding of current status and challenges. Then, with suitable technologies, the printed parts with improved surface quality, minimum support structures, and better isotropy could be acquired. Finally, the recommendation for the future development of slicing and path planning is also provided.

scholarly journals An additive manufacturing oriented design approach to mechanical assemblies

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germain Sossou ◽  
Frédéric Demoly ◽  
Ghislain Montavon ◽  
Samuel Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Mechanical Assembly ◽  
Build Orientation ◽  
Assembly Design ◽  
Conventional Design ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Assembly Operations

Abstract Firstly introduced as a prototyping process, additive manufacturing (AM) is being more and more considered as a fully-edged manufacturing process. The number of AM processes, along with the range of processed materials are expanding. AM has made manufacturable shapes that were too difficult (or even impossible) to manufacture with conventional technologies. This has promoted a shift in engineering design, from conventional design for manufacturing and assembly to design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). Research efforts into the DFAM field have been mostly dedicated to part's design, which is actually a requirement for a better industrial adoption. This has given rise to topologically optimized and/or latticed designs. However, since AM is also capable of manufacturing fully functional assemblies requiring a few or no assembly operations, there is a need for DFAM methodologies tackling product's development more holistically, and which are, therefore, dedicated to assembly design. Considering all the manufacturing issues related to AM of assembly-free mechanisms and available post-processing capabilities, this paper proposes a top-down assembly design methodology for AM in a proactive manner. Such an approach, can be seen as the beginning of a shift from conventional design for assembly (DFA) to a new paradigm. From a product's concept and a selected AM technology, the approach first provides assistance in the definition of the product architecture so that both functionality and successful manufacturing (including post-processing) are ensured. Particularly, build-orientation and downstream processes' characteristics are taken into account early in the design process. Secondly, for the functional flow (energy, material, signal) to be appropriately conveyed by the right amount of matter, the methodology provides guidance into how the components can be designed in a minimalism fashion leveraging the shape complexity afforded by AM. A mechanical assembly as case study is presented to illustrate the DFAM methodology. It is found that clearances and material (be it raw unprocessed material or support structures) within them plays a pivotal role in a successful assembly's design to be additively manufactured. In addition, the methodology for components' design proves to be an efficient alternative to topology optimization. Though, the approach can be extended by considering a strategy for part consolidation and the possibility to manufacture the assemblies with more than one AM process. As regards components' design, considering anisotropy can also improved the approach. Highlights Additive manufacturing is capable of printing fully functional assemblies without any assembly operations. It is found that Design For Additive Manufacturing is currently mainly focused on part's design. A process-independent, structured and systematic method for designing assembly-free mechanisms (for AM) is proposed. Build orientation and downstream processes (including post-processing capabilities) are taken into account early in the design process. A method - based on functional flows - for part's design in a minimalist fashion, is proposed.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING PERCEIVED MEANINGS AND SCOPES OF DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1937-1946
Author(s):  
Aurora Berni ◽  
Yuri Borgianni ◽  
Martins Obi ◽  
Patrick Pradel ◽  
Richard Bibb
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The Future

AbstractThe concept of Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) is gaining popularity along with AM, despite its scopes are not well established. In particular, in the last few years, DfAM methods have been intuitively subdivided into opportunistic and restrictive. This distinction is gaining traction despite a lack of formalization. In this context, the paper investigates experts' understanding of DfAM. In particular, the authors have targeted educators, as the perception of DfAM scopes in the future will likely depend on teachers' view. A bespoke survey has been launched, which has been answer by 100 worldwide-distributed respondents. The gathered data has undergone several analyses, markedly answers to open questions asking for individual definitions of DfAM, and evaluations of the pertinence of meanings and acceptations from the literature. The results show that the main DfAM aspects focused on by first standardization attempts have been targeted, especially products, processes, opportunities and constraints. Beyond opportunistic and restrictive nuances, DfAM different understandings are characterized by different extents of cognitive endeavor, convergence vs. divergence in the design process, theoretical vs. hands on approaches.

scholarly journals The Characters and Meaning of Third Place in Historical Urban Space of Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi ◽  
Minoo Gherehbeiglu ◽  
Amir Hossein Farshchian
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Work And Life

<p>Third place is the interface between work and life and due to the direct connection with urban development. It is a valuable space for attending the community in which one attends voluntarily, informally, and regularly or irregularly. There are such places in urban areas of Iran where people are able to attend in order to do social and religious activities and it seems like that the architectural nature of such spaces has some similarities and differences with the definition of third place. The research question is, “what are the features of third place in pre-modern cities of Iran and are the features in accordance with the definition of third place?”. This is a developmental research conducted via the interpretive-historical method. The findings indicate that third place is commonplace in Iranian Cities and some architecture types like public, religious and residential spaces have fundamental similarities with the definitions of third place In Iranian Historical cities, but there are also some differences due to culture, religion, and climate in each region. Third places have widely exited in most applications and religious relations, rituals, and beliefs which demonstrate that brotherhood and communion have significantly influenced the formation of this place. The main issue in this regard is the firm presence of religion and strong ethnocultural ties which have affected the constituents of third place as components like the constant presence of water, creation of special, simple, and defined spaces, respect to adults and providing special furniture for them, and focusing on geometry and aesthetic proportions.</p>

scholarly journals Design for additive manufacturing – a review of available design methods and software

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Wiberg ◽  
Johan Persson ◽  
Johan Ölvander
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Automation ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Component Part ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Research Areas

Purpose This paper aims to review recent research in design for additive manufacturing (DfAM), including additive manufacturing (AM) terminology, trends, methods, classification of DfAM methods and software. The focus is on the design engineer’s role in the DfAM process and includes which design methods and tools exist to aid the design process. This includes methods, guidelines and software to achieve design optimization and in further steps to increase the level of design automation for metal AM techniques. The research has a special interest in structural optimization and the coupling between topology optimization and AM. Design/methodology/approach The method used in the review consists of six rounds in which literature was sequentially collected, sorted and removed. Full presentation of the method used could be found in the paper. Findings Existing DfAM research has been divided into three main groups – component, part and process design – and based on the review of existing DfAM methods, a proposal for a DfAM process has been compiled. Design support suitable for use by design engineers is linked to each step in the compiled DfAM process. Finally, the review suggests a possible new DfAM process that allows a higher degree of design automation than today’s process. Furthermore, research areas that need to be further developed to achieve this framework are pointed out. Originality/value The review maps existing research in design for additive manufacturing and compiles a proposed design method. For each step in the proposed method, existing methods and software are coupled. This type of overall methodology with connecting methods and software did not exist before. The work also contributes with a discussion regarding future design process and automation.

scholarly journals Conception of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Valjak ◽  
Nenad Bojčetić
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Product Architecture ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Conceptual Design Phase ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Design Freedom

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) brought new design freedom and possibilities that enable design and manufacturing of products with new forms and functionalities. To utilise these possibilities a new design approach emerged, Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), that contains methods and tools for supporting AM oriented design process. Designers working with AM are aware of the need to apply DfAM and AM possibilities in conceptual design phase where they have the most significant influence on product architecture and form but are facing a lack of suitable DfAM approaches for early design phases. Therefore, the presented research is investigating possibilities of storing and representing AM knowledge in the form of design principles to be used in the conceptual design phase. The paper proposes conceiving of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing repository where formalised AM knowledge is stored in the form of design principles and structured based on function criteria. In the paper, various elements of design principle representation are discussed, as well as their role in the conceptual design process.

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