Ideology and social cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
Jordan Mansell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Cognitive Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members

AbstractResearch links liberal and conservative ideological orientations with variation on psychological and cognitive characteristics that are important for perceptual processes and decision-making. This study investigates whether this variation can impact the social behaviors of liberals and conservatives. A sample of subjects (n = 1,245) participated in a modified public goods game in which an intragroup inequality was introduced to observe the effect on individuals’ tendency toward self-interested versus prosocial behavior. Overall, the contributions of neither liberal- nor conservative-oriented individuals were affected by conditions of a general intragroup inequality. However, in response to the knowledge that group members voted to redress the inequality, levels of contribution among liberals significantly increased in comparison to the control. This was not true for conservatives. The results provide evidence that differences in ideological orientation are associated with individual differences in social cognition.

scholarly journals Cooperation and competition between pair and multi-player social games in spatial populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Szolnoki ◽  
Xiaojie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Evolutionary Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Pair Interaction ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Point Interactions ◽  
Social Games ◽  
The Public ◽  
Specific Parameter ◽  
Group Members

AbstractThe conflict between individual and collective interests is in the heart of every social dilemmas established by evolutionary game theory. We cannot avoid these conflicts but sometimes we may choose which interaction framework to use as a battlefield. For instance some people like to be part of a larger group while other persons prefer to interact in a more personalized, individual way. Both attitudes can be formulated via appropriately chosen traditional games. In particular, the prisoner’s dilemma game is based on pair interaction while the public goods game represents multi-point interactions of group members. To reveal the possible advantage of a certain attitude we extend these models by allowing players not simply to change their strategies but also let them to vary their attitudes for a higher individual income. We show that both attitudes could be the winner at a specific parameter value. Interestingly, however, the subtle interplay between different states may result in a counterintuitive evolutionary outcome where the increase of the multiplication factor of public goods game drives the population to a fully defector state. We point out that the accompanying pattern formation can only be understood via the multipoint or multi-player interactions of different microscopic states where the vicinity of a particular state may influence the relation of two other competitors.

scholarly journals Development of an Information Model for the Personality’s Social Portrait Formation Using OSINT Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Mozhaiev ◽  
Pavlo Buslov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Information Model ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members

The results of the development of an information model for the personality’s social portrait formation are presented. The modelling has been carried out using OSINT technology that is the technology of legal obtaining and using open source information. In the result of the analysis, it has been found out that the social portrait is a heterogeneous semantic network consisting of personalized data. It has been defined that people organize formal and official communities of various orientations and the number of such communities associated with a particular person is practically unlimited. When formalizing the decision-making process, the concept of a group social portrait (GSP) has been introduced, which takes into account the community’s social tendencies united by certain common properties, group members' interpersonal interactions and their behavioural patterns. The obtained information models of personal and group social portraits let to take into account all the main properties of the objects under study, their tonality and significance, as well as to conduct an analysis of the implicit dependencies determination. The next step is to move on to considering the diversity of the digital social environment elements.

scholarly journals Social Cognition through the Lens of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Arioli ◽  
Chiara Crespi ◽  
Nicola Canessa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Acquired Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Deficits

Social cognition refers to a set of processes, ranging from perception to decision-making, underlying the ability to decode others’ intentions and behaviors to plan actions fitting with social and moral, besides individual and economic considerations. Its centrality in everyday life reflects the neural complexity of social processing and the ubiquity of social cognitive deficits in different pathological conditions. Social cognitive processes can be clustered in three domains associated with (a) perceptual processing of social information such as faces and emotional expressions (social perception), (b) grasping others’ cognitive or affective states (social understanding), and (c) planning behaviors taking into consideration others’, in addition to one’s own, goals (social decision-making). We review these domains from the lens of cognitive neuroscience, i.e., in terms of the brain areas mediating the role of such processes in the ability to make sense of others’ behavior and plan socially appropriate actions. The increasing evidence on the “social brain” obtained from healthy young individuals nowadays constitutes the baseline for detecting changes in social cognitive skills associated with physiological aging or pathological conditions. In the latter case, impairments in one or more of the abovementioned domains represent a prominent concern, or even a core facet, of neurological (e.g., acquired brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases), psychiatric (e.g., schizophrenia), and developmental (e.g., autism) disorders. To pave the way for the other papers of this issue, addressing the social cognitive deficits associated with severe acquired brain injury, we will briefly discuss the available evidence on the status of social cognition in normal aging and its breakdown in neurodegenerative disorders. Although the assessment and treatment of such impairments is a relatively novel sector in neurorehabilitation, the evidence summarized here strongly suggests that the development of remediation procedures for social cognitive skills will represent a future field of translational research in clinical neuroscience.

scholarly journals Prosocial motivation as a mediator between dispositional mindfulness and prosocial behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hali Kil ◽  
David O'Neill ◽  
Joan Grusec
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Dispositional Mindfulness ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Acting With Awareness

Researchers have theorized that mindfulness leads to prosocial behavior through awareness of one’s personal goals and motivations. The present research examined the mediating effect of internalized prosocial motivation on the link between dispositional mindfulness and prosocial behavior. Undergraduate students (N=232) completed questionnaires assessing prosocial motivation and mindfulness. Prosocial behavior was assessed with the social mindfulness decision-making task. The results indicated that internalized prosocial motivation mediated the link between the mindfulness facet of acting with awareness and social mindfulness. The results suggest the importance of individual characteristics such as internalized prosocial motivation as mediators of the link between dispositional mindfulness and prosocial behavior. Given that only one facet of mindfulness—acting with awareness—was indirectly associated with prosocial behavior, the results also indicate that general measures of dispositional mindfulness may not be sufficiently nuanced when investigating these associations.

The Selfish Hero: A Study of the Individual Benefits of Self-Sacrificial Prosocial Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis T. McAndrew ◽  
Carin Perilloux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Reciprocal Altruism ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual

Twenty-four same-sex, three-person groups (a confederate plus two naive participants) completed a “group decision-making study” in which the success of the group depended upon the willingness of one of its members (the confederate) to endure pain and inconvenience. The ordeal that the altruistic confederate endured was judged to be more difficult and costly than the experience of other group members, and the altruists were ultimately awarded more money and accorded higher status. In a second study, 334 undergraduates read a description of the procedures used in Study 1 and made judgments and monetary allocations to the hypothetical people described in the scenario. The concordance of the data in the two studies support a costly signaling, rather than a reciprocal altruism explanation for such “heroic” behavior.

scholarly journals Sudden Shifts in Social Identity Swiftly Shape Implicit Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jenny Xiao ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
The Other ◽  
Implicit Attitude ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Identity Approach

In this research, we examine how sudden shifts in social identity can swiftly shape implicit evaluations. According to dual system models of attitudes, implicit attitude change is often slow and insensitive to explicit cues or goals. However, the social identity approach suggests that the intergroup context can shape nearly every aspect of social cognition from explicit preferences to implicit evaluations. In three experiments, we test whether explicit cues about social identity and the intergroup context can swiftly shape implicit evaluations. We find that people quickly develop an implicit preference favoring their in-group relative to the out-group—even when the group assignments are arbitrary. Importantly, this pattern of implicit intergroup bias quickly shifts following subtle changes in the intergroup context. When we frame the two groups as cooperative (vs. competitive), implicit intergroup bias is eliminated. Finally, being switched from one minimal group to the other reverses implicit intergroup bias, leading people to favor their new in-group (and former out-group). Individual differences in the degree to which people readily switch their implicit intergroup preference are correlated with their need to belong. In sum, these studies provide evidence that social identity cues and goals rapidly tune implicit evaluation. This research not only speaks to the influence of social identity on implicit cognition, but also has implications for models of attitude development and change.

Sharing Money With Humans Versus Computers: On the Role of Honesty-Humility and (Non-)Social Preferences

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110556
Author(s):  
Yngwie Asbjørn Nielsen ◽  
Isabel Thielmann ◽  
Ingo Zettler ◽  
Stefan Pfattheicher
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Game Studies ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Social Game ◽  
The Social ◽  
As If

Does giving behavior in economic games reflect true prosocial preferences or is it due to confusion? Research showing that trait Honesty-Humility accounts for giving behavior suggests the former, whereas research showing that participants give money to a computer might suggest the latter. In three preregistered, well-powered studies, we examined the relation of Honesty-Humility with behavior in the Dictator Game (Study 1, N = 468) and Public Goods Game (Studies 2 and 3, each N = 313), while participants interacted either with humans (“social game”) or with a computer (“non-social game”). We found that (a) decisions in the non-social game predicted decisions in the social game, supporting the confusion hypothesis; (b) the effect of Honesty-Humility differed within and between games; and (b) participants who gave money to the computer reported acting as if they were playing with humans. Overall, the studies suggest that both prosocial preferences and confusion underlie giving behavior.

Group decision-making in a public goods game

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-238
Author(s):  
Valeria Faralla ◽  
Alessandro Innocenti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Public Goods Game
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document