Fiscal Pressures and Discriminatory Policing: Evidence from Traffic Stops in Missouri

AbstractThis paper provides evidence of racial variation in traffic enforcement responses to local government budget stress using data from policing agencies in the state of Missouri from 2001 through 2012. Like previous studies, we find that local budget stress is associated with higher citation rates; we also find an increase in traffic-stop arrest rates. However, we find that these effects are concentrated among White (rather than Black or Latino) drivers. The results are robust to the inclusion of a range of covariates and a variety of model specifications, including a regression discontinuity examining bare budget shortfalls. Considering potential mechanisms, we find that targeting of White drivers is higher where the White-to-Black income ratio is higher, consistent with the targeting of drivers who are better able to pay fines. Further, the relative effect on White drivers is higher in areas with statistical over-policing of Black drivers: when Black drivers are already getting too many fines, police cite White drivers from whom they are presumably more likely to be able to raise the needed extra revenue. These results highlight the relationship between policing-as-taxation and racial inequality in policing outcomes.

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From creative process engagement to performance: bidirectional support

Leadership & Organization Development Journal ◽

10.1108/lodj-03-2015-0046 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 966-982 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yana Du ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Yanhong Chen

Keyword(s):

Creative Process ◽

Relative Effect ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Role Performance ◽

Content Type ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Using Data ◽

Investment Process ◽

The Relationship ◽

Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of creative process engagement on employees’ in-role performance, and does so by considering the support that employees received from and given to their supervisors. Design/methodology/approach Using data from 540 questionnaires collected in China, this paper conducts a hierarchical regression analysis to test the proposed model. Findings Creative process engagement positively affects employees’ in-role performance. However, the moderating effect of receiving support on the above relationship is not significant. Instead, it is the interaction of receiving support from and giving it to supervisors that moderates the relationship between creative process engagement and in-role performance. Research limitations/implications The study has some contributions to the conservation of resource (COR) theory. The authors find that acquiring new resources such as receiving support from supervisors is not always effective. The acquisition process of resources should be considered with the investment process of resources. According to the COR theory, people invest resources to gain resources and protect themselves from losing resources or to recover from resource loss (Halbesleben et al., 2014). The findings of the study show that employees investing resources is not just for gaining resources. Sometimes, they invest resources such as giving support to supervisors to remain a relatively balanced relationship. Practical implications Companies can encourage employees to place more attention on creative process engagement to improve in-role performance. In addition, when offering support to employees, managers should consider whether the employees are able to give it back in response to the received support, and distribute their support to employees accordingly. Originality/value This paper explored employee’s engagement at creative process in a more novel way and clarified the relative effect of creative process engagement on in-role performance. Also, this paper was the first to pay attention to the bidirectional nature of supervisor support.

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WHOSE CIVIC COMMUNITY? TESTING ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIC COMMUNITY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY IN ARREST RATES

Sociological Spectrum ◽

10.1080/02732173.2010.496104 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 550-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Graham C. Ousey ◽

Matthew R. Lee

Keyword(s):

Racial Inequality ◽

Arrest Rates ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

Civic Community ◽

The Relationship

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Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders ◽

10.1044/gics3.1.22 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 22-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brynne D. Ovalle ◽

Rahul Chakraborty

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Identity Construction ◽

Social Theory ◽

Power Relations ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Cultural Organization ◽

Using Data ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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Workplace Ostracism and Its Negative Outcomes

Journal of Personnel Psychology ◽

10.1027/1866-5888/a000147 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 143-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Xiaoming Zheng ◽

Jun Yang ◽

Hang-Yue Ngo ◽

Xiao-Yu Liu ◽

Wengjuan Jiao

Keyword(s):

Affective Commitment ◽

Psychological Capital ◽

Intention To Leave ◽

Future Research ◽

Conservation Of Resources ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Negative Outcomes ◽

Workplace Ostracism ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

Abstract. Workplace ostracism, conceived as to being ignored or excluded by others, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. One essential topic in this area is how to reduce or even eliminate the negative consequences of workplace ostracism. Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, the current study assesses the relationship between workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes, as well as the moderating role played by psychological capital, using data collected from 256 employees in three companies in the northern part of China. The study yields two important findings: (1) workplace ostracism is positively related to intention to leave and (2) psychological capital moderates the effect of workplace ostracism on affective commitment and intention to leave. This paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for organizations and employees, along with recommendations for future research.

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Editor’s Pick: Regulatory and Ethical Issues in the New Era of Radiomics and Radiogenomics

EMJ Radiology ◽

10.33590/emjradiol/19-00165 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Filippo Pesapane

Keyword(s):

Ethical Issues ◽

Medical Images ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

New Era ◽

Naked Eye ◽

Disease Characteristics ◽

The Future ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

Radiomics is a science that investigates a large number of features from medical images using data-characterisation algorithms, with the aim to analyse disease characteristics that are indistinguishable to the naked eye. Radiogenomics attempts to establish and examine the relationship between tumour genomic characteristics and their radiologic appearance. Although there is certainly a lot to learn from these relationships, one could ask the question: what is the practical significance of radiogenomic discoveries? This increasing interest in such applications inevitably raises numerous legal and ethical questions. In an environment such as the technology field, which changes quickly and unpredictably, regulations need to be timely in order to be relevant. In this paper, issues that must be solved to make the future applications of this innovative technology safe and useful are analysed.

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Electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN

Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research ◽

10.24191/jeeir.v5i2.8801 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Ahmad Ghazali Ismail ◽

Arlinah Abd Rashid ◽

Azlina Hanif

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Use ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Panel Estimation ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Long Run ◽

Bidirectional Relationship ◽

Short Run ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

The relationship and causality direction between electricity consumption and economic growth is an important issue in the fields of energy economics and policies towards energy use. Extensive literatures has discussed the issue, but the array of findings provides anything but consensus on either the existence of relations or direction of causality between the variables. This study extends research in this area by studying the long-run and causal relations between economic growth, electricity consumption, labour and capital based on the neo-classical one sector aggregate production technology mode using data of electricity consumption and real GDP for ASEAN from the year 1983 to 2012. The analysis is conducted using advanced panel estimation approaches and found no causality in the short run while in the long-run, the results indicate that there are bidirectional relationship among variables. This study provides supplementary evidences of relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in ASEAN.

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Gender Ideology and Fertility: Evidence for a Curvilinear Hypothesis

10.31234/osf.io/g4nxh ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Serena Stefani ◽

Gabriele Prati

Keyword(s):

Gender Ideology ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Curvilinear Relationship ◽

World Population ◽

Fertility Rates ◽

The World ◽

And Gender ◽

Using Data ◽

National Analysis ◽

The Relationship

Research on the relationship between fertility and gender ideology revealed inconsistent results. In the present study, we argue that inconsistencies may be due to the fact that such relationship may be nonlinear. We hypothesize a U- shaped relationship between two dimensions of gender ideology (i.e. primacy of breadwinner role and acceptance of male privilege) and fertility rates. We conducted a cross-national analysis of 60 countries using data from the World Values Survey as well as the World Population Prospects 2019. Controlling for gross domestic product, we found support for a U-shaped relationship between gender ideology and fertility. Higher levels of fertility rates were found at lower and especially higher levels of traditional gender ideology, while a medium level of gender ideology was associated with the lowest fertility rate. This curvilinear relationship is in agreement with the phase of the gender revolution in which the country is located. Traditional beliefs are linked to a complementary division of private versus public sphere between sexes, while egalitarian attitudes are associated with a more equitable division. Both conditions strengthen fertility. Instead, as in the transition phase, intermediate levels of gender ideology’s support are associated with an overload and a difficult reconciliation of the roles that women have to embody (i.e. working and nurturing) so reducing fertility. The present study has contributed to the literature by addressing the inconsistencies of prior research by demonstrating that the relationship between gender ideology and fertility rates is curvilinear rather than linear.

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Openness and Self-enhancement are predictors of cultural and economic beliefs: an analysis of European countries across 15 years

10.31234/osf.io/q2s35 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Czarnek ◽

Małgorzata Kossowska

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Cultural Beliefs ◽

European Social Survey ◽

European Countries ◽

Political Beliefs ◽

Economic Beliefs ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Self Transcendence ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

In this study, we investigate the relationship between values and political beliefs and how it varies as a function of cultural context and time. In particular, we analyzed the effects of Conservation vs. Openness to change and Self-transcendence vs. Self-enhancement for cultural and economic political beliefs using data from nationally representative samples of citizens from 34 European countries from eight rounds of the European Social Survey (data spans the 2002–2016 period). We found that the effects of values on political beliefs are moderated by the Western vs. Eastern cultural context and that there is a modest round-to-round variation in the effects of values on beliefs. The relationship between Openness and cultural beliefs was negative and largely consistent across the Western and Eastern countries. Similarly, the effects of Self-enhancement were positive across these Western and Eastern countries. In contrast, the effects of Openness on economic beliefs were positive for the Eastern countries but largely weak and inconsistent for the Western countries. Finally, the effects of Self-enhancement on cultural beliefs are weak for both cultural contexts.

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FISCAL STRESS: Studi Kasus Pemda Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Wahana ◽

10.35591/whn.v21i2.152 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 125-135

Author(s):

Mesri Welhelmina N. Manafe ◽

Zet Ena ◽

Salmun Saul Adu

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Local Governments ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Fiscal Stress ◽

Fiscal Health ◽

Significance Level ◽

Stress Variable ◽

Local Budget ◽

The Relationship ◽

Direct Expenditure

Local governments play a significant role in the life of the community and the national economy which can be achieved in fiscal health conditions reflected in the low disparity in income structure towards regional expenditure. The inability of regions to escape fiscal dependence is due to the low income, especially from Pendapatan Asli Daerah, which causes fiscal stress which then impacts on policies and implementation of regional spending through spending on programs and activities. This study will examine the relationship between Fiscal Stress and Pendapatan Asli Daerah and expenditure of East Nusa Tenggara Province through simple linear regression testing using secondary data Pertumbuhan Pendapatan Asli Daerah and Belanja Langsung using a sample of six (6) districts / cities in 2014-2016 The results of the study show that the fiscal stress variable does not affect the income structure through Pertumbuhan Pendapatan Asli Daerah and Belanja Langsung at a significance level of <0.05. The results of this study contribute to local budget policies and theoretically to the use of direct expenditure variables that are different from previous studies. Key Words: Fiscal Health, Fiscal Stress, Pendapatan Asli Daerah, dan Belanja Langsung

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