WHOSE CIVIC COMMUNITY? TESTING ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIC COMMUNITY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY IN ARREST RATES

AbstractThis paper provides evidence of racial variation in traffic enforcement responses to local government budget stress using data from policing agencies in the state of Missouri from 2001 through 2012. Like previous studies, we find that local budget stress is associated with higher citation rates; we also find an increase in traffic-stop arrest rates. However, we find that these effects are concentrated among White (rather than Black or Latino) drivers. The results are robust to the inclusion of a range of covariates and a variety of model specifications, including a regression discontinuity examining bare budget shortfalls. Considering potential mechanisms, we find that targeting of White drivers is higher where the White-to-Black income ratio is higher, consistent with the targeting of drivers who are better able to pay fines. Further, the relative effect on White drivers is higher in areas with statistical over-policing of Black drivers: when Black drivers are already getting too many fines, police cite White drivers from whom they are presumably more likely to be able to raise the needed extra revenue. These results highlight the relationship between policing-as-taxation and racial inequality in policing outcomes.

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Heteroskedasticity between GNSS time-series repeatabilities and noise magnitudes

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-4702 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Huseyin Duman ◽

Doğan Uğur Şanlı

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Test Methods ◽

P Value ◽

P Values ◽

Modeling Errors ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

The Relationship ◽

Baseline Component ◽

Gnss Time Series

In the analysis of GNSS time series, when the sampling frequency and time-series lengths are almost identical, it is possible to highlight a linear relationship between the series repeatabilities (i.e. WRMS) and noise magnitudes. In the literature, linear equations as a function of WRMSs allowed many researchers to estimate the noise magnitudes. However, this was built upon homoskedasticity. We experienced the higher WRMSs, the more erroneous analysis results using the noise magnitudes from the linear equations stated. We hence studied whether or not homoscedasticity clearly describes the modeling errors. To test that, we used the published results of GPS baseline components from the previous work in the literature and realized here that each component forms part of the totality. We introduced all baseline component results as a whole into statistical analysis to check heteroskedasticity. We established null and alternative hypotheses on the residuals which are homoscedastic (H0) or heteroskedastic (HA). We adopted both the Breusch-Pagan test and the Goldfeld-Quandt test to prove heteroskedasticity and obtained p-values for both methods. The p-value, which is the probability measure, equals to almost zero for both test methods, that is, we fail to accept the null hypothesis. Consequently, we can confidently state that the relationship between the WRMSs and the noise magnitudes is heteroskedastic.Keywords: Noise magnitudes, repeatabilities, heteroskedasticity, time-series analysis

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A longitudinal study of the protective influence of youth assets on juvenile arrest

Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/pubmed/fdz119 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Taylor Lensch ◽

Kristen Clements-Nolle ◽

Roy F Oman ◽

Minggen Lu

Keyword(s):

Computer Assisted ◽

Asset Building ◽

Cox Models ◽

Arrest Rates ◽

Community Assets ◽

Individual Family ◽

Policies And Programs ◽

Multiple Domains ◽

The Relationship ◽

Collection Methods

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to determine the separate and cumulative influence of individual, family and community assets on juvenile arrest rates in a cohort of youth. Methods Five waves of data were collected from 1111 youth and their parents living in randomly sampled census tracts in a Midwestern state. Computer-assisted, in-person data collection methods were used to measure assets within individual (six assets), family (four assets) and community (six assets) domains. Extended Cox models were used to assess the relationship between the number of assets and time to first juvenile arrest, while controlling for known confounders. Results Nine of 16 assets across individual, family and community domains were prospectively associated with a reduction in arrest rates. There was a relationship between the number of assets youth possess within individual, family and community domains and rates of arrest. For example, compared to youth with zero to one community assets, those with three [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30–0.88], four [AHR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34–0.97] or five to six [AHR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25–0.82] community assets had lower risk of arrest. Conclusions Public health efforts focused on developing policies and programs to promote asset building across multiple domains of influence are warranted.

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Minority Support: School District Demographics and Support for Funding Election Measures

Urban Affairs Review ◽

10.1177/1078087419877461 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 107808741987746 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Alvord ◽

Emily Rauscher

Keyword(s):

School District ◽

Racial Inequality ◽

Property Tax ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

District Level ◽

Local School District ◽

Local School ◽

State Budgets ◽

Contradictory Evidence ◽

The Relationship

In the context of tight state budgets, local education funding is increasingly important. This article examines the relationship between district-level demographic characteristics and voter support for tax increases to fund the local school district. Using district-level panel data on California school district elections and demographics from 1995 to 2014, we ask the following questions: (1) What is the relationship between demographics and support for school district tax measures? and (2) Does this relationship vary by the type of tax measure? Results suggest that voter support varies by district demographics. However, results differ for bond and property tax measures and suggest that the proportion of Black students increases the likelihood of passing a bond measure but reduces the likelihood of passing a property tax measure. This heterogeneity offers one potential explanation for contradictory evidence in the literature. Results have implications for racial inequality of educational resources between districts.

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Dominance-related foraging in female domesticated canaries under laboratory conditions

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z04-101 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 82 (8) ◽

pp. 1246-1250 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M Parisot ◽

L Nagle ◽

E Vallet ◽

M Kreutzer

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiment ◽

Social Status ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Foraging Behaviour ◽

Unanswered Question ◽

Serinus Canaria ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Pair Bonds ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

The Relationship

Many experiments have tested the foraging behaviours of birds relative to their social status. However, results are still not completely clear about the relationship between foraging behaviour and social status in birds. Some studies have shown that dominants use subordinates as food finders, while others show the opposite. Whether dominants search by themselves or wait to exploit the findings of a subordinate is still an unanswered question. For testing these alternative hypotheses, we carried out a laboratory experiment that used female common domesticated canaries, Serinus canaria (L., 1758). We used strict female flocks to avoid any bias based on pair bonds. We looked at the foraging behaviours of females relative to their social status using a foraging board. Our results showed that dominant females behaved as their own food finder. They began searching in the first position and had greater re-search behaviours, which allowed them to find seeds more rapidly than subordinates. Our study showed that foraging behaviour of dominants may be independent of the activities of subordinates. Our results also showed that there was no difference between the number of attacks received by dominants and subordinates when they were on the foraging board, which suggests that subordinates accessed the foraging board less frequently to avoid competition with dominants. We also suggest that environmental conditions may be one explanation for the differences observed among the different studies.

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Intra- and intergenerational communication satisfaction as a function of an individual’s age and age stereotypes

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1080/01650250143000553 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 562-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yiwei Chen ◽

Brian Edward King

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Age Differences ◽

Communication Satisfaction ◽

Intergenerational Communication ◽

Age Group ◽

Age Stereotypes ◽

Old Adults ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

Ingroup Outgroup ◽

The Relationship

The present study assessed the positivity of an individual’s age stereotypes and examined the relationship between individuals’ age stereotypes and intra- and intergenerational communication satisfaction. In addition, two alternative hypotheses (i.e., an ingroup/outgroup hypothesis and a developmental hypothesis) were tested for explaining age differences in intra- and intergenerational communication satisfaction. Specifically, 118 young adults and 102 old adults participated in the study and were asked to generate traits about “a typical 20-year-old woman” and “a typical 70-year-old woman”. Participants also imagined a conversation with the targets and filled out a questionnaire measuring intra- and intergenerational communication satisfaction. Participants with a positive age stereotype toward the opposite age group perceived a higher level of intergenerational communication satisfaction and a lower level of dissatisfaction than those who held a neutral or a negative stereotype. In addition, old adults expressed lower levels of communication dissatisfaction than young adults regardless of which age group they interacted with. Results of this study supported the developmental hypothesis.

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Political Participation and Civic Community of Ethnic Minorities in Four Cities in the Netherlands

Politics ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9256.2005.00225.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Anja van Heelsum

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Political Participation ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

The Political ◽

Immigrant Communities ◽

Migrant Communities ◽

Explanatory Factors ◽

Civic Community ◽

The Relationship ◽

Dutch Cities

In this article, the political participation of Turkish, Surinamese and Moroccan immigrants in four cities in the Netherlands is related to the civic community of these groups. The usefulness of Robert Putnam's civic community perspective is tested for the immigrant communities in Dutch cities in the Netherlands. The relationship between the networks in the migrant communities and political participation found in earlier research can partly explain the differences between the ethnic groups and between the cities, but some additional explanatory factors are suggested.

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The Unexpected Negotiator at the Table: How the European Commission’s Expertise Informs Intergovernmental EU Policies

Politics and Governance ◽

10.17645/pag.v3i1.117 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 61-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Meng-Hsuan Chou ◽

Marianne Riddervold

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Maritime Security ◽

Security Strategy ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

Eu Policies ◽

Military Mission ◽

The Relationship ◽

Intergovernmental Policy ◽

External Migration ◽

The Eu

How, if at all, does the Commission’s expertise inform intergovernmental decision-making within the EU? In this article, we aim to capture the relationship between the Commission’s expertise and its influence within intergovernmental policy-areas through a study of Commission influence in two least likely sectors: security and defence policies (military mission Atalanta and EU Maritime Security Strategy) and external migration (EU mobility partnerships with third countries). In these cases we observe that the Commission strongly informs policy developments even though it has only limited formal competences. To explore whether and, if so, how this influence is linked to its expertise, we develop and consider two hypotheses: The expert authority hypothesis and the expert arguments hypothesis. To identify possible additional channels of influence, we also consider the relevance of two alternative hypotheses: The strategic coalition hypothesis and the institutional circumvention hypothesis. We find that the Commission’s use of its expertise is indeed key to understanding its de facto influence within policy-areas where its formal competences remain limited. Our findings add to the existing literature by revealing how expertise matters. Specifically, our cases show that the Commission informs intergovernmental decision-making by successfully linking discussions to policy-areas where it holds expert authority. However, the Commission also informs EU policies by circumventing the formal lines of intergovernmental decision-making, and by cooperating with member states that share its preference for further integration.

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Why Does Cognitive Reserve Align With Modern Western Ideals of Success? Theoretical & Methodological Proposals

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.2635 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 710-710

Author(s):

Douglas Hanes

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Cognitive Outcomes ◽

Brain Pathology ◽

Cognitive Changes ◽

Alternative Hypotheses ◽

Alternative Means ◽

Theoretical Paper ◽

Material Benefits ◽

The Relationship ◽

Western Ideals

Abstract Cognitive reserve (CR) is a framework that investigates discrepancies between brain pathology and cognitive decline. In explaining why individuals with similar levels of brain pathology display different levels of functional impairment, CR research focuses on factors that resemble modern, Western ideals of success: greater education, professional achievement, a self-directed life, and physically and intellectually stimulating leisure time. This theoretical paper documents this alignment between CR and modern, Western ideals of success to hypothesize different mechanisms by which CR may operate. The focus in the CR literature has been on investigating and operationalizing the direct cognitive changes that come from intellectual cultivation, and the native abilities that are hypothesized to produce differences in both education and cognitive outcomes. This paper argues that an attention to CR’s relationship to current definitions of success presents alternative hypotheses about the mechanisms by which CR operates. Specifically, the paper outlines two potential mechanisms and frames alternative means of studying them: First, does the accrual of CR simply follow from being successful in conventional ways because of the material benefits of wealth and stability that success brings? Second, does a lack of success carry cognitive risks solely because of material deprivation, or are there additional psychosocial penalties that come from living a non-normative life—especially when that is not of one’s choosing? This paper proposes both cross-cultural and intersectional methods to begin to better understand the relationship between normative success and cognitive health.

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The Pictures in Their Heads: How U.S. Mayors Think About Racial Inequality

Urban Affairs Review ◽

10.1177/1078087420908653 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107808742090865

Author(s):

Katherine Levine Einstein ◽

Luisa Godinez Puig ◽

Spencer Piston

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Policy Change ◽

Racial Inequality ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Political Elites ◽

Sizable Proportion ◽

The Relationship ◽

American Cities ◽

Policy Solutions

Many scholars examine what role cities can play in addressing racial inequality. Yet existing research presents little direct evidence of local political elites’ perceptions of racial inequality and preferred strategies to address it. Which mayors perceive racial inequality to be a problem in their cities, and which mayors prefer substantive rather than symbolic solutions to this problem? To answer this question, we survey more than 100 mayors of large and mid-sized American cities. We find that, while a sizable proportion of mayors advocate for policy change, many others either deny that racial inequality exists, claim that they do not have control over racial inequality, or promote symbolic dialogues about race. Democratic mayors are substantially more likely to acknowledge racial inequality in a variety of domains. Non-White mayors and mayors of cities facing larger racial income inequality are also somewhat more aware of racial inequality, although the relationship is less consistent. Perceptual screens may prevent many mayors from pursuing vigorous policy solutions to racial inequality.

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