The Impact of Persistent Terrorism on Political Tolerance: Israel, 1980 to 2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK PEFFLEY ◽  
MARC L. HUTCHISON ◽  
MICHAL SHAMIR
Keyword(s):  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Political Tolerance ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

How do persistent terrorist attacks influence political tolerance, a willingness to extend basic liberties to one's enemies? Studies in the U.S. and elsewhere have produced a number of valuable insights into how citizens respond to singular, massive attacks like 9/11. But they are less useful for evaluating how chronic and persistent terrorist attacks erode support for democratic values over the long haul. Our study focuses on political tolerance levels in Israel across a turbulent 30-year period, from 1980 to 2011, which allows us to distinguish the short-term impact of hundreds of terrorist attacks from the long-term influence of democratic longevity on political tolerance. We find that the corrosive influence of terrorism on political tolerance is much more powerful among Israelis who identify with the Right, who have also become much more sensitive to terrorism over time. We discuss the implications of our findings for other democracies under threat from terrorism.

scholarly journals It's a matter of time: assessing the impact of aggressive police stops on (dis)trust in legal authority

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Robust Estimator ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Does the experience of being stopped by the police (including being stopped by the police at gunpoint) have a negative effect on trust in legal authority over time? Previous research suggests a link between negatively-experienced police stops and distrust of legal institutions. Yet, we lack clear evidence on the existence and dynamics of any putative causal effect. To address this gap, I draw on a three-wave longitudinal survey of adults who reside in São Paulo, Brazil, and examine the impact of police stops and police stops at gunpoint on three aspects of trust in legal authority (attitudinal change in perceptions of police fairness, perceptions of overpolicing, and cynicism about police protection). In the context of a multi-period difference-in-differences design, I rely on (i) a matching framework for panel data that assumes a dynamic treatment adoption to estimate short-term effects of a recent police stop (at gunpoint), and (ii) a doubly robust estimator that assumes a staggered treatment adoption to assess the long-term effects of a first experience of being stopped and questioned by police officers (at gunpoint). I conclude, overall, that it seems unlikely that general police stops damage trust in legal authority in São Paulo over time. However, a recent aggressive police stop with officers pointing a gun at the citizen does seem to have a negative short-term effect on perceived police fairness, while the first experience of a police stop at gunpoint among people with no previous contact seems to have a positive long-term effect on perceived overpolicing. This study contributes to a growing international literature that describes the social costs of aggressive policing strategies.

Evaluating the Impact of a Tourist Event on a Destination

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Asero ◽  
Venera Tomaselli
Keyword(s):  
Local Economy ◽  
Legacy Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Entrepreneurial Opportunities ◽  
Local Stakeholders ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Events create different types of impact on the local economy and host communities. They can trigger a variety of short- or long-term, positive or negative impacts. Literature distinguishes the term ‘impact' from ‘legacy.' While impacts affect the economy of the host place in the short-term, legacy remains longer than the event itself. Thus, if residents perceive benefits from the event, they will be supportive of hosting in the future. This chapter focuses on events as entrepreneurial opportunities of tourism and hospitality for a hosting place. It is based on the perceptions expressed by the different categories of local stakeholders involved in an international literary festival hosted in Italy. The study shows that evaluating and understanding the legacy effects for a place hosting an event, as perceived by the different local stakeholders involved, can provide managerial insights for planning over time events in the same place.

scholarly journals Terrorist Attacks & Presidential Approval Rating

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Approval Ratings ◽  
Approval Rating ◽  
Presidential Approval Ratings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

After the attacks of September 11th the U.S. focused much of its foreign policy efforts on the War on Terror and prevention of another attack on U.S. soil. This paper will look at terrorist attacks dating back to 1970 in order to fully understand the impact of terrorist attacks on U.S. presidential approval ratings and the existence of the ‘rally around the flag’ effect during different administrations. Location, lethality, style, and political affiliation of the president will be variables focused on in a pre and post 9/11 context. This paper will give special consideration to 9/11, excluding the attacks in many cases, in order to view if there is a significant stable impact on approval ratings from terrorist attacks over time.

scholarly journals How Big Is Too Big?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Krebs ◽  
Jared P. Beller ◽  
J. Hunter Mehaffey ◽  
Nicholas R. Teman ◽  
Jamie L. W. Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transplant Outcomes ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: As the population becomes increasingly obese, so does the pool of potential organ donors. We sought to investigate the impact of donors with body mass index ≥40 (severe obesity) on heart transplant outcomes. Methods: Single-organ first-time adult heart transplants from 2003 to 2017 were evaluated from the United Network for Organ Sharing database and stratified by donor severe obesity status (body mass index ≥40). Demographics were compared, and univariate and risk-adjusted analyses evaluated the relationship between severe obesity and short-term outcomes and long-term mortality. Further analysis evaluated the prevalence of severe obesity within the pool of organ donation candidates. Results: A total of 26 532 transplants were evaluated, of which 939 (3.5%) had donors with body mass index ≥40, with prevalence increasing over time (2.2% in 2003, 5.3% in 2017). Severely obese donors more likely had diabetes mellitus (10.4% versus 3.1%, P <0.01) and hypertension (33.3% versus 14.8%, P <0.01), and 67.4% were size mismatched (donor weight >130% of recipient). Short-term outcomes were similar, including 1-year survival (10.6% versus 10.7%), with no significant difference in unadjusted and risk-adjusted long-term survival (log-rank P =0.67, hazard ratio, 0.928, P =0.30). Organ donation candidates also exhibited an increase in severe obesity over time, from 3.5% to 6.8%, with a lower proportion of hearts from severely obese donors being transplanted (19.5% versus 31.6%, P <0.01). Conclusions: Donor severe obesity was not associated with adverse post-transplant outcomes. Increased evaluation of hearts from obese donors, even those with body mass index ≥40, has the potential to expand the critically low donor pool.

scholarly journals Motivations To Join And Stay A Member Of A Village For Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 623-623
Author(s):  
Joonyoung Cho ◽  
Ruth Dunkle ◽  
Garrett Pace
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Altruistic Motivation ◽  
Instrumental Motivation ◽  
Motivating Factor ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

Abstract People join a customer-driven organization with motivations that may not be static over time, an important issue for long-term organizational viability. In this study, we examined motivations among members of ShareCare, the first Village for older adults in the U.S. Using qualitative data from a random sample of 91 members, we compared motivations for becoming a member and for continuing membership. Motivations to join and continue membership are not necessarily the same. Motivations were categorized as: instrumental, social, and altruistic motivation. We categorized length of membership as short-term: 8-years or less (51.63%) and long-term: 9-years and more (49.37%). While 36% of members joined only for instrumental motivation, 59% continued membership only for instrumental motivation. While about 52% joined with multiple motivations, only 35% of members mentioned multiple motivations when continuing their membership. Finally, 18% of short-term members mentioned altruistic motivation when continuing their membership, while 28% of long-term members mentioned altruistic motivation when continuing their membership. While people’s motivation might change over time, altruistic motivation may be the greatest motivating factor for long-term memberships. Long-term members may identify themselves as supporters rather than users of the organization and cultivate stronger connections with other members over time. Our findings inform how to recruit and retain members in Villages, and customer-driven organizations for older adults more broadly.

scholarly journals The Impact of Exploitation and Exploration on Export Sales Growth: The Moderating Role of Domestic and International Collaborations

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Carlos M.P. Sousa ◽  
Rebecca Yu Li ◽  
Xinming He
Keyword(s):  
Time Lags ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
International Collaborations ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Over Time

This study examines the short- and long-term implications of the impact of exploitation and exploration on export sales growth. It also explores the moderating role of external collaborations by differentiating between domestic collaborations and international collaborations. The authors tested their conceptual model with data from the U.K. Community Innovation Survey (2010–2016). Using different time lags for exploitation and exploration, the findings indicate that the impact varies over time. Specifically, they reveal that the effect of exploitation is negative in the long term but positive in the short term, while exploration has no significant effect in the short term but a positive influence on export sales growth in the long term. Similarly, the moderating effect of domestic and international collaborations has been found to vary over time. The authors conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications.

scholarly journals Internet marketing tools

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Urtė Sturienė
Keyword(s):  
Internet Marketing ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

In today's world, every business organization can pursue marketing goals online. Choosing the right Internet marketing tools or combining several may be significant in reaching the target audience. Therefore, without precise criteria for assessing the impact of Internet marketing tools on business organizations, it is not very easy to choose the most appropriate tools to compete with other businesses. This paper aims to investigate the impact of Internet marketing tools on business organizations. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: to analyse the Internet marketing concept and to reveal the impact assessment criteria. The results have shown that there is no agreed scientific definition of the term and concept of Internet marketing tools. However, it is obvious that Internet marketing is the part of digital marketing. Also, the Internet marketing impact criteria consist of short-term effect, long-term effect, and alternatives. Internet marketing tools typically drive sales growth, strengthen the brand and help to build and maintain relationships with clients.

SUMBER-SUMBER RESILIENSI PADA REMAJA AKHIR YANG MENGALAMI KEKERASAN DARI ORANGTUA PADA MASA KANAK-KANAK

Psibernetika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devina Calista ◽  
Garvin Garvin
Keyword(s):  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parental Affection ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

<p><em>Child abuse by parents is common in households. The impact of violence on children will bring short-term effects and long-term effects that can be attributed to their various emotional, behavioral and social problems in the future; especially in late adolescence that will enter adulthood. Resilience factors increase the likelihood that adolescents who are victims of childhood violence recover from their past experiences</em><em>,</em><em> become more powerful individuals and have a better life. The purpose of this study was to determine the source of resilience in late adolescents who experienced violence from parents in their childhood. This research uses qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. The result shows that the three research participants have the aspects of "I Have", "I Am", and "I Can"; a participant has "I Can" aspects as a source of resilience, and one other subject has no source of resilience. The study concluded that parental affection and acceptance of the past experience have role to the three sources of resilience (I Have, I Am, and I Can)</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword : </em></strong><em>Resilience, adolescence, violence, parents</em></p>

The Short-Term and Long-Term Impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Composition and Characteristics of Corporate Board of Directors

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Kaya ◽  
Gaurango Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Board Composition ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Corporate Accountability ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Board Characteristics ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Over Time

The paper examines the Sarbanes-Oxley (2002) Acts immediate impact on board composition and characteristics as well as possible reversals in its impact over time. Effects on directors age and tenure are analyzed over the 2001-06 sample period. Female participation in corporate boards is also studied in the pre-SOX and post-SOX periods. The dual roles of directors in being a member of the board as well as serving as either CEO, CFO, Chairman, Co-Chair, Founder, or Lead Director of their respective companies is also examined. We observe a short-term impact of SOX on board compositions due to changes seen in board characteristics between 2001 (pre-SOX), and 2003-05 short-term period (post-SOX). Also, we observe a reversal of board characteristics in 2006 to pre-SOX levels implying that the effects of SOX on board composition were short-lived, and needs to be monitored over time to ensure adherence to corporate accountability guidelines over the long-term.

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