scholarly journals Cash Crops, Print Technologies, and the Politicization of Ethnicity in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
YANNICK I. PENGL ◽  
PHILIP ROESSLER ◽  
VALERIA RUEDA
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
African Language ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Export Agriculture ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Interethnic Marriage ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

What are the origins of the ethnic landscapes in contemporary states? Drawing on a preregistered research design, we test the influence of dual socioeconomic revolutions that spread throughout Africa during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—export agriculture and print technologies. We argue these changes transformed ethnicity via their effects on politicization and boundary-making. Print technologies strengthened imagined communities, leading to more salient—yet porous—ethnic identities. Cash crop endowments increased groups’ mobilizational potential but with more exclusionary boundaries to control agricultural rents. Using historical data on cash crops and African language publications, we find that groups exposed to these historical forces are more likely to be politically relevant in the postindependence period, and their members report more salient ethnic identities. We observe heterogenous effects on boundary-making as measured by interethnic marriage; relative to cash crops, printing fostered greater openness to assimilate linguistically related outsiders. Our findings illuminate not only the historical sources of ethnic politicization but also mechanisms shaping boundary formation.

Extending Metadata Standards for Historical GIS Research

2016 ◽  
pp. 1243-1265
Author(s):  
Shelley Burleson ◽  
Alberto Giordano
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Historical Gis ◽  
First Case ◽  
Metadata Standards ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Definitive Solution

This chapter proposes a structure for handling commonly observed uncertainties in geo-historical data, using as case studies two historical geographical information systems (HGIS) projects that interweave historical research with the geography of genocide. The first case involves the ghettoization of Budapest's Jews during the Holocaust in the second half of 1944. The more recent work, and the second case, covers the Armenian genocide spanning most of WWI and several years afterwards. The authors suggest using existing metadata standards as one way of handling the inherent uncertainties of geo-historical sources. While not a definitive solution, they argue that such an approach provides a starting point and a platform to conceptually frame the use of geo-historical data in HGIS.

Comparative Politics of Exclusion in Europe and the Americas: Religious, Sectarian, and Racial Boundary Making since the Reformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şener Aktürk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Elective Affinity ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Pope Innocent Iii

Based on a critical reading of three recent books, I argue that the exclusion of Jews and Muslims, the two major non-Christian religious groups in Europe and the Americas, has continued on the basis of ethnic, racial, ideological, and quasi-rational justifications, instead of or in addition to religious justifications, since the Reformation. Furthermore, I argue that the institutionally orchestrated collective stigmatization and persecution of Jews and Muslims predated the Reformation, going back to the Fourth Lateran Council under Pope Innocent III in 1215. The notion of Corpus Christianum and Observant movements in the late Middle Ages, the elective affinity of liberalism and racism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the divergence in religious norms at present are critically evaluated as potential causes of ethnoreligious exclusion.

The diachronic relationship between demonstratives and first/second person pronouns

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Ishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Functional Similarity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Third Person

It is well known that demonstratives are the cross-linguistically common source of third person pronouns due to the functional similarity between them. For this reason, they are morphologically related to or formally indistinguishable from one another in many languages. First and second person pronouns, on the other hand, typically have historical sources other than demonstratives. However, unlike the close relationship between demonstratives and third person pronouns, the fact that demonstratives and first/second person pronouns have a very tenuous diachronic relationship has not attracted much attention in previous studies. Based primarily on historical data from Japanese, the present study shows that there are at least three functional reasons why demonstratives do not usually give rise to first/second person pronouns. This study also discusses a limited context in which a demonstrative does develop into a second person pronoun.

Using historical accounts to assess the occurrence and distribution of small cetaceans in a poorly known area

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1583-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Brito ◽  
Nina Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Delphinus Delphis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Common Dolphins

Historical science may play an important role in helping understanding and shaping the future of the world's oceans and to comprehend present day effects and conditions. Regarding cetaceans, historical accounts may be extremely useful to add new data to their occurrence and distribution in poorly studied regions. In Portugal, historical sources indicate that toninhas (possibly common dolphins Delphinus delphis) were observed since the 13th Century and were captured in large numbers during the late 19th and 20th Centuries. Historical occurrences given by naturalists and scientific surveys conducted by biologists indicate their regular presence with particular preference for certain areas. Also, recent observations of opportunity resulted in the same kind of accounts. Between 1976 and 1978, a study on captured cetaceans along the Portuguese shore found at fish markets was conducted and resulted in a total count of 45 cetaceans. Most captures were of small cetaceans (87% common dolphins), even though four baleen whales were registered. These cetacean captures were part of a local non-industrial fishery, as they were not the main target, but rather opportunistic catches or even by-catches of other fisheries. Delphinids were not protected by law at the time and were caught with hand harpoons or accidentally drowned in fish nets, sometimes sold at major fish markets such as Sesimbra, Peniche and Póvoa de Varzim. In geographical areas where recent cetacean sightings are rare and information is sparse, such as Portugal, it becomes important to take advantage of alternative sources of data. Our contribution towards the compilation of relevant historical and ‘forgotten’ science such as old natural observations, whaling data and observations of opportunity stresses the relevance of using historical data to access past occurrence and distribution of cetaceans.

Constructing Thailand: Regulation, Everyday Resistance, and Citizenship

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vandergeest
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Iron Cage ◽  
Democratic Revolution ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Everyday Resistance

Studies of what we call modern societies frequently take one of two major perspectives. The first emphasizes an ever-increasing constraining or regulatory power (Weber's iron cage [1976], or Foucault's discipline and regulation [1979, 1980]). The second tradition seems to contradict the first by emphasizing trends, such as a “democratic revolution” (de Tocqueville 1969:702–5; Laclau and Mouffe 1985:152) or the extension of citizenship rights (Marshall 1973; Bendix 1977). In this essay I argue that the twin processes of increasing regulation on one hand, and institutionalization of individual rights on the other, are closely linked. I make this argument by interpreting the transformation of relations between the state and peasants in Siam (Thailand) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and through an assessment of two books which have been particularly influential in comparative studies during the 1980s: James Scott's Weapons of the Weak (1985) and Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities (1983).

scholarly journals Rice Policy in Java from Traditional Kingdoms to Dutch Colonial Time

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasino Wasino ◽  
Endah Sri Hartatik
Keyword(s):  
Research Finding ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
University Library ◽  
Colonial Time ◽  
Rice Policy ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Rice is main food for Indonesian people nowadays. Rice is consumed by all people in Indonesian society and planted in several places in Indonesia. Based on the historical data, rice was dominantly planted in Java, Due to the importance of rice, any political rulerinIndonesiapaidattentiontoricetostabilizehisauthority.Thisarticlewillconduct historical analysis about the policy of rice from traditional ruler in Java Dutch Colonial. For analyzed it used historical method by using historical sources which searched fromNationalLibraryJakarta,NationalarchiveJakarta,andKITLcollectionfromLeiden University Library, and Mangkunegaran Palace Library. The research finding show that rice was the main food from Traditional Javanese kingdom to Dutch Colonial time. The Ruler take special policy to made rice availability for people prosperity.

scholarly journals Newest Historiographic Studies of the Ukrainian Icon-Painting of The Last Judgment

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
А. К. Григорак
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Last Judgment ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Stranger

The analysis of features of iconography, stylistics, coloring and manner of execution of compositions of the Last Judgment is devoted to many scientific works. Despite this, the issue of the peculiarities of symbolism and source potential of the Stranger Judgment icons remains inexhaustible. The article is devoted to the analysis of the latest scientific research of the XXI century. Dedicated to the Ukrainian iconography of the Last Judgment. The main achievements and discoveries in the Work of Researchers are described for the development of the research of the Contemporary Issues in the historical and artistic key words. The potential of Ukrainian iconography research is also determined in the article. Studying the historiographical aspect of the research of Ukrainian icons, the specificity of approaches and areas of analysis of iconographic samples as historical sources by historians and art historians of the XXI century is traced. Historiography of the plot of the Last Judgment of the modern age is presented by the works of several authors: Ivan Himki, Lilya Berezhnoy, Marty Fedak, Lyudmila Milyaeva, etc. Analyzing this topic, we should mention that the literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries more focuses on aesthetic, especially on the artistic meaning of icons. Actually, the iconography of this period is formed -first as a branch of history and archeology, and from the end of the nineteenth century, as a branch of art studies. Studies of the twentieth century have some disadvantages caused by the influence of the Soviet period, in which there was no place for the icon just as a spiritual sanctuary, as sources of religious outlook of society. Particularly, this was due to the Marxist-Leninist “methodology”, that is, the approach to the icon as a painting, without taking into account its symbolic significance. With the restoration of Ukraine’s political independence at the end of the ХХ century the anti-religious propaganda was stopped and the community began to return to the spiritual origins, one of which is Christianity, including its components to which icons also belong to the Orthodox tradition. And precisely because of the great importance of the Ukrainian icon painting of the Last Judgment, there are scientific works of the 21st century that make it possible to look at the icon with completely different approach.

scholarly journals Towards Culture-Aware Smart and Sustainable Cities: Integrating Historical Sources in Spatial Information Infrastructures

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Bucher ◽  
Carola Hein ◽  
Dorit Raines ◽  
Valérie Gouet Brunet
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Sustainable Cities ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Information Infrastructures ◽  
And Control

This article addresses the integration of cultural perspectives in the smart city discourse and in the implementation of the UN Agenda 2030; it does so specifically with respect to land patterns and land use. We hope to increase the ability of relevant stakeholders, including scientific communities working in that field, to handle the complexity of the current urban challenges. Culture is understood here in the broadest sense of the word, including the values and conceptualizations of the world, and the modes of technological creation and control of the environment. This concept of culture varies among stakeholders, depending, in particular, on their activities, on the place they live in, and also depending on their scientific background. We propose to complement existing targets that are explicitly related to culture in the UN and UNESCO agendas for 2030, and introduce a target of culture awareness for city information infrastructures. We show that, in the specific case of land patterns and land use, these new targets can be approached with historical data. Our analysis of the related core functionalities is based on interviews with practitioners, draws on insights from the humanities, and takes into account the readiness of the existing technologies.

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