A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer: VII. Observations on the effect of the energy intake on the utilization of protein in growth and in lactation

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Tuck ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
V. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYEight feeding trials on cattle showed that the response in live-weight gain was curvilinear when protein or energy level was varied independently in rations based on poor quality roughages to which cereals and groundnut were variously added to give a range of protein and energy intakes. Live-weight gain was increased by 0·12 lb/day for each 0·1 lb additional digestible crude protein/day at levels of intake below 0·7 lb/day and by 0·03 lb/day at higher levels. It was increased by 0·4 lb/day for each additional 0·1 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight at total intakes below 0·9 lb daily/ 100 lb and by 0·2 lb/day at higher levels. Over the range 0·5–2·0 lb digestible crude protein daily and 0·7–1·2 lb starch equivalent daily/100 lb live weight the effects of these nutrients were additive.A Latin square nitrogen balance trial demonstrated that a portion of the nitrogen from a protein supplement was retained in the body despite the excretion of the greater part of it in the urine and a further part in the faeces. Nitrogen retention was increased by a supplement of readily available energy through a decrease in urinary nitrogen loss. Nitrogen balance was not increased by a supplement of a fibrous energy source because this induced an increase in faecal nitrogen loss.In a further feeding trial milk yield was found to be affected in a similar manner to growth. At a yield of 30 lb/day the response per lb starch equivalent added to the diet was 0·5 lb milk including 0·05 lb solids not fat and to an increase of 0·1 lb digestible crude protein daily it was 0·25 lb milk including 0·025 lb solids not fat.

The effect of pattern of protein intake and level of energy intake on the performance and nitrogen utilization of the ewe

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse ◽  
J. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in which each of thirty-six ewes was offered one of six dietary treatments from the 30th to the 140th day of gestation. The treatments supplied two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake (128 and 116 kcal/kg W0.75/day) each at three patterns of protein intake, namely equal increments at 22 day intervals, equal decrements at the same intervals and a constant daily intake throughout. The protein intake patterns supplied a mean daily intake of digestible crude protein of 3·74 g/kg W0.75/day. Nitrogen balances were carried out on four ewes from each dietary treatment during the last 10 days of each 22 day period.Thirteen ewes randomly distributed on all dietary treatments were barren. Mean rate of live-weight gain in the pregnant ewes was 123 g/day compared with 66 g/day in the non-pregnant ewes and was not significantly affected by treatments. Lamb birth weights adjusted to the basis of twins were 3·83, 4·02 and 3·56 kg for the increasing, constant and decreasing patterns of protein intake respectively.Within patterns of protein intake there were no significant differences in nitrogen retention between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes until after 90 days of gestation. Thereafter retention increased in the pregnant ewes offered the constant and increasing patterns of crude protein and remained constant in the non-pregnant ewes. During the same period the retention of both pregnant and non-pregnant ewes on the decreasing pattern decreased.The effects of both energy and protein intake on nitrogen retention in early and late pregnancy were assessed by multiple regression analysis. The results are discussed in relation to other recent findings.

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer IV. Protein requirements of 2-year-old heifers

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Tuck ◽  
C. C. Balch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

1. In the winters of 1959–61 three randomized block experiments were carried out to study protein requirements of heifers of 800–1000 lb. live weight. 24 animals were used in each experiment. Half the animals were kept indoors; the remainder stayed out of doors except for 1 hr. per day when they came into covered yards to receive their concenrates ration.2. Rations were based on straw, cereals and roots. The intake of crude protein was varied by replacing cereals by decorticated ground nut meal. The estimated level of energy intake varied from 7·2–8·2 lb. starch equivalent/day between experiments, but the level was constant for all treatments within an experiment.3. At the end of each feeding trial the nitrogen balance was measured for 2 animals from each treatment. The results confirmed the estimated levels of digestible crude protein intakes upon which the experiments were based.4. An increase in intake of digestible crude protein (as determined in the metabolism trials) from 0·35 lb./day to 0·72 lb./day gave a marked response of 0·45 lb./day in the rate of live-weight gain. Further increases in protein intake gave little response in live-weight gain. It was concluded that for heifers of 800–900 lb. live weight the protein requirement for maintenance and a live-weight gain of 1·2 lb./day was 0·70 lb. digestible crude protein/day.5. Comparison of the estimated starch equivalent intakes in the three experiments showed that in heifers receiving 0·52 lb. digestible crude protein per day the rate of gain increased from 0·25 to 0·90 lb./day as the level of energy intake increased from 0·78 lb. starch equivalent/100 lb. live weight per day to 1·01 lb./100 lb. live weight.6. Biological value of the dietary nitrogen decreased as level of protein intake increased. The values for individual animals ranged from 61·3 to 82·4. The mean value was 69·5.7. The weather during these experiments was typical of winters in south-east England with mean minimum ground temperatures about 30° F. and mean maximum and minimum air temperatures of about 50° F. and 35° F., respectively. Snow fell occasionally only; 3½–5½ in. of rain fell in the period 1 January to 31 March. In 2 years out of 3 the outdoor group grew slightly faster than the indoor groups. In the third year this trend was reversed.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
F. OLALERU ◽  
T. A. ADEGBOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Designed Experiment ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

A note on the utilization of urea by Sudan desert sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
H. M. Hassan ◽  
A. M. S. Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

SUMMARYSixty-four young male Sudan desert lambs were group-fed for 87 days on four diets, all containing approximately 10% crude protein. The four diets contained 0, 1·3, 1·7 and 2·7% urea, respectively.Average daily gains were 0·15, 0·14, 0·14 and 0·13 kg; feed conversion ratios (kg of feed required to produce 1 kg live-weight gain) were 7·26, 8·14, 8·92 and 7·92; dressing percentages were 43·6, 42·1, 44·1 and 42·3.Digestibility trials with lambs fed on diets with 0 or 2·7% urea gave higher digestibility coefficients for crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract for the urea-supplemented lambs. Crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention values were lower for urea-supplemented lambs.

The effect of hexoestrol on nitrogen retention of lambs and on ration digestibility

1958 ◽  
Vol 1958 ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Preston ◽  
V. Rochanasaroj ◽  
Isoline Gee
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Subcutaneous Implantation ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Series Of Experiments

It is now widely accepted that the subcutaneous implantation of stilboestrol or hexoestrol increases the rate of live-weight gain in lambs and cattle. In sheep it is generally considered that for a feeding period of up to 12 weeks a single implantation of hormone produces an adequate growth response. Perry et al.(1951), Stephens & Thompson (1952) and Bell et al.(1954) reported no advantage from repeated implantations during the experimental period. In a series of experiments at this Institute (Preston & Gee, 1957a) it has been noticed that the major part of the increased weight gain takes place during the first six weeks after hexoestrol implantation.

Reproductive performance and protein utilization in pregnancy of sheep conceiving at eight months of age

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse ◽  
J. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYTwenty-one Finnish Landrace × Polled Dorset Horn female sheep approximating 8 months old were individually penned from 3 to 4 weeks after mating until parturition. They were allocated to one of three diets containing either 12·3, 14·1 or 16·5% crude protein and 2·1 Meal metabolizable energy per kg dry matter, offered at a level of 85 g/kg W0·75 per day. A series of nitrogen balance trials was carried out on all lambs during the last 100 days of gestation.The mean age at parturition was 382 days and the mean litter size 1·52. The live-weight gain (mean value 152 g/day) was not significantly affected by the level of protein intake. There was a tendency (005 < P < 0·10 for singletons) for lamb birth weight to decrease and the body-weight change of the dam to increase with increasing protein concentration in the diet. There was a significant linear increase in nitrogen retention both with stage of gestation and level of protein intake.The partition of nitrogen between the foetal and maternal body is discussed in relation to the estimated nitrogen content of the maternal live-weight gain.

A study of protein utilization by weaned lambs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYFifty weaned store lambs approximately 7-month-old were used in an experiment designed to assess their protein requirements and utilization. At the beginning of the experiment a random sample of 10 animals were slaughtered and their loin joints analysed. The remaining 40 were allocated at random to four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) comprising four crude protein intakes at a constant energy intake. The experiment was divided into two periods. During period 1 (48 days) the dietary crude protein intakes were 58 (T1), 111 (T2), 170 (T3), and 198 (T4) g/day with a mean digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of 578 g/day. During period 2 (55 days) the corresponding crude protein intakes were 89, 157, 215, 251 and the DOMI was 678 g/day.Digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were carried out on two animals from each treatment in period 1 and on six animals on each treatment in period 2. At slaughter the loin joints from five animals on each dietary treatment were chemically analysed.The only significant effect on live-weight gain of varying protein intake was a lower gain on the lowest protein intake (T1) in period 1. It was estimated that the optimum ratio of digestible protein intake (g) to digestible energy intake (meals) for live-weight gain in period 1 was approximately 30 : 1 and in period 2 approximately 21 : 1. There was a significant increase in killing-out percentage with increasing crude protein intake. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen increased with increasing crude protein intake. There was a significant quadratic relationship between the apparently digested nitrogen intake in g/day (X) and nitrogen retained in g/day (Y). The regression equation wasY= −0·008X2+ 0·537X+ 0·682Liver copper levels decreased with increasing crude protein con-centration in the diets.

The utilization of diets containing increasing levels of dried brewers' grains by growing lambs

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bovolenta ◽  
E. Piasentier ◽  
C. Peresson ◽  
F. Malossini
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Live Weight Gain

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the feeding characteristics and the productive responses of lamb diets containing increasing levels of dried brewers' grains (DBG). Five groups of six 70-day-old Bergamasca lambs were housed in individual pens and givenad libitumfor 9 weeks pelleted diets containing 200 g/kg of concentrate and 800 g/kg of a mixture of DBG and lucerne hay in the ratios of 0:80 (DBG0), 20:60 (DBG20), 40:40 (DBG40) 60:20 (DBG60) and 80:0 (DBG80). During the last 12 days of the experimental period, a digestibility trial was carried out for each diet. After this, all the lambs were slaughtered and the composition of the empty body weight was determined. The initial composition of the empty body was estimated from the composition of a sixth group of lambs slaughtered at the beginning of the trial.The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral-detergent fibre and energy increased with the proportion of DBG. The daily DM intake relative to metabolic body weight (M0·75) diminished significantly with the increasing proportion of DBG in the diet, from 127 g/kg M0·75for diet DBG0 to 83 g/kg M0·75for diet DBG60. The daily live-weight gain and food DM conversion efficiency were highest with the intermediate diets (414 g/day with diet DBG40 and 240 g/kg DM with DBG60), showing a quadratic trend, an indication of a positive interaction between DBG and lucerne hay. The fat content of the live-weight gain was particularly high in the lambs given the diet with the highest proportion of DBG. It was concluded that DBG may be profitably used in growing-fattening diets for lambs in a proportion not exceeding about 400 g/kg DM.

The utilization of maize silage for intensive beef production: I. The effect of level and source of supplementary nitrogen on the utilization of maize silage by cattle of different ages

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Urea Addition

SUMMARYFifty-four British Friesian castrated male calves, initially 3, 6 or 9 months of age (107, 180 and 249 kg initial live weight, respectively), were individually fed for 83 days on maize silage (27·9% dry matter (D.M.), 10·7% crude protein in D.M.), offeredad libitum. Silage was offered either alone or supplemented with cobs of dried lucerne (21% of total D.M. intake). Three levels of urea (0, 1 and 2% of silage D.M.) were added to the silage before feeding.Total D.M. intakes averaged 23·0, 23·4 and 21·6 g/kg live weight (LW) for the 3-, 6- and 9-month-old animals, respectively. Addition of urea increased silage intake by 11% in the 6-month-old group but there was little effect in the 3- and 9-month-old groups. Lucerne supplementation reduced silage D.M. intake from 22·0 to 18·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001) and increased total D.M. intake by 1·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001).Live-weight gain (LWG) of the cattle fed on silage alone increased (P< 0·001) with increasing age of animal. The main effect of urea was to elevate (P< 0·001) LWG from an average of 0·79 (no urea) to 0·94 kg/head/day (2% urea). However, it appeared that most of this effect was confined to the 6-month-old group. The effect of lucerne on LWG decreased with increasing age of animal (P< 0·001). Inclusion of lucerne in the diet significantly reduced the response to urea (P< 0·05).Feed conversion efficiency (LWG/100 Mcal DE intake) decreased (P< 0·01) with increasing age of animal but increased with urea addition from an average of 4·7 (no urea) to 5·3 kg LWG/100 Meal DE intake (2% urea). The response to lucerne supplementation in terms of efficiency was greatest in the 3-month-old group and thereafter declined markedly with increasing age of animal.The results of this experiment indicated that cattle older than 6 months of age (180 kg LW) could achieve a rate of growth of 1·0 kg/head/day on maize silage supplemented solely with urea, but that younger animals required supplementary lucerne to support a high rate of live-weight gain.

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