The effect of pattern of protein intake and level of energy intake on the performance and nitrogen utilization of the ewe

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse ◽  
J. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in which each of thirty-six ewes was offered one of six dietary treatments from the 30th to the 140th day of gestation. The treatments supplied two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake (128 and 116 kcal/kg W0.75/day) each at three patterns of protein intake, namely equal increments at 22 day intervals, equal decrements at the same intervals and a constant daily intake throughout. The protein intake patterns supplied a mean daily intake of digestible crude protein of 3·74 g/kg W0.75/day. Nitrogen balances were carried out on four ewes from each dietary treatment during the last 10 days of each 22 day period.Thirteen ewes randomly distributed on all dietary treatments were barren. Mean rate of live-weight gain in the pregnant ewes was 123 g/day compared with 66 g/day in the non-pregnant ewes and was not significantly affected by treatments. Lamb birth weights adjusted to the basis of twins were 3·83, 4·02 and 3·56 kg for the increasing, constant and decreasing patterns of protein intake respectively.Within patterns of protein intake there were no significant differences in nitrogen retention between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes until after 90 days of gestation. Thereafter retention increased in the pregnant ewes offered the constant and increasing patterns of crude protein and remained constant in the non-pregnant ewes. During the same period the retention of both pregnant and non-pregnant ewes on the decreasing pattern decreased.The effects of both energy and protein intake on nitrogen retention in early and late pregnancy were assessed by multiple regression analysis. The results are discussed in relation to other recent findings.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

Studies on protein utilization by ewes during lactation

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Four Levels

SUMMARYA total of 64 Border Leicester × Greyface ewes were offered eight diets comprising four levels of digestible crude protein and two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake during gestation. After parturition the ewes on each gestation treatment were offered a high or low level of ME intake at a constant level of crude protein intake. Nitrogen balances were carried out on all ewes during weeks three and four of lactation.Digestibility coefficients and output of nitrogen in the milk measured during the lactation balance periods were not significantly affected by the gestation treatments. Body nitrogen balance during lactation was significantly affected by the level of protein offered during gestation.Empirical equations relating digestible crude protein intake and ME intake to milk nitrogen production and body nitrogen balance indicated that a digestible crude protein intake of 7·9 g/kg W0·75 per day and a ME intake of 220 kcals/kg W0·75 per day resulted in the production of 0·70 g milk nitrogen per kg W0·75 or approximately 100 g of milk per kg W0·75. The corresponding level of body nitrogen retention was 0·162 g/kg W0·75 per day and showed no consistent trend due to level of protein intake during gestation.

Urea as a protein source for ewes with twin lambs in late pregnancy and early lactation

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
J. Fraser ◽  
N. S. Ritchie ◽  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Lamb Growth

SUMMARYIn three experiments housed Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface) ewes of mean live weight 68 kg received 0·91 kg hay plus 0·91 kg molassed sugar beet pulp daily during the second half of pregnancy and in the first 3 weeks of lactation. Comparisons were made with additions of crude protein given as urea or groundnut cake either during the whole period or only during early lactation. In one experiment, increasing the daily intake of digestible crude protein from 88 to about 140 g had no effect on the weight of the lamb at birth or at 3 weeks. In the other two experiments, in which the increases were from 58·70 g to 131·161 g or from 80 to about 125 g digestible crude protein per day there were highly significant increases in the weight of the lamb at birth (+0·43 and +0·31 kg) and 3 weeks (+1·44 and +1·46 kg). Introduction of either urea or groundnut cake to the diet on the day after lambing significantly increased the the 3-week weights of the lambs by amounts which were comparable to those found when urea had also been given during pregnancy. Supplementation with either urea or groundnut cake did not significantly increase ewe live weight.Concentrations of urea in the blood of the ewes were highly significantly increased by either urea or groundnut supplementation. There were indications that a concentration below 10 mg/100 ml in the blood of the ewes in late pregnancy or early lactation was associated with a reduction in lamb growth rates.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
F. OLALERU ◽  
T. A. ADEGBOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Designed Experiment ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

723. The effect of level of concentrate feeding and type of roughage on milk production

1958 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
D. S. Maclusky ◽  
R. Waite ◽  
J. N. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

1. In a short-term winter feeding trial using eight Ayrshire cows, a concentrate with a nominal starch equivalent of 68 was fed at 2 lb. and 4 lb./gal. of milk with either 16 lb. hay or 16 lb. dried grass. Silage (40 lb. per day) was also fed.2. The weight of dry matter from grass products eaten per day was similar on all four treatments. Differences in total daily dry-matter consumption were very largely attributable to differences in the consumption of concentrate dry matter.3. The daily dry-matter consumption as a percentage of live weight increased from 2·5 on the rations that included hay and 2 lb. concentrates per gal. to 3·2 on the rations that included dried grass and 4 lb. concentrates per gal.4. Milk yield was significantly increased from an average of 33·5 to 37·3 lb./day when the amount of concentrates fed increased from 2 to 4 lb./gal. and also significantly increased from 33·9 to 36·9 lb./day when dried grass was fed in place of hay.5. There was an increase of 0·9 lb. milk for each 1 lb. increase of starch equivalent plus 0·2 lb. digestible crude protein intake as a result of either increasing the rate of concentrate feeding, or of feeding dried grass instead of hay.6. The fat content of the milk was similar on all four rations, whereas the solids-not-fat varied from 8·42% on the ration that included hay +2 lb. concentrates/gal, to 8·59% on the ration that included dried grass +4 1b. concentrates/gal. This change in S.N.F. was almost entirely in the protein fraction of the milk.7. There was a gradation in live-weight change from -0·74 lb./day on the hay +2 lb. concentrates/gal, to +0·34 lb./day on the dried grass +4 lb. concentrates/gal.8. After a consideration of profit margins, milk quality and live-weight changes it was concluded that both treatments B (dried grass +2 lb./gal.) and C (hay +4 lb./gal.) gave optimum and almost identical results.

The effect of plane of nutrition in early lactation on the performance of beef cows

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
R. A. Edwards ◽  
S. H. Somerville ◽  
G. M. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

ABSTRACTTwenty-one mature autumn-calving Blue Grey cows were divided into three groups for a 3-year change-over experiment, and each group was allocated to one of three planes of nutrition for the first 150 days of lactation during each year. Milk yields were recorded by machine milking twice daily. The three planes of nutrition corresponded to 1·63, 1·21 and 0·89 of the cow's maintenance allowance 12 h post partum. Increasing the plane of nutrition significantly (P<0·05) increased 150-day cumulative milk yield, but had no significant effect on milk composition. The extent of live-weight loss decreased significantly (P<0·001) as plane of nutrition increased and was reflected in cows maintaining better condition, measured as condition score, through the experimental period.The small 150-day cumulative milk yield response (32·8 kg per additional 10 MJ metabolizable energy and 62 g digestible crude protein/day) demonstrated the limitation of feeding beef cows for increased milk production in comparison with feeding the calf directly. However, the possible relationship between plane of nutrition, live-weight loss and fertility suggests an important limitation of under-feeding cows during the mating period. Within the constraints imposed, the medium treatment (64 MJ metabolizable energy and 516 g digestible crude protein/day) resulted in levels of cow performance similar to those currently recorded in commercial units. One of the major constraints in the present investigation was the high level of body reserves available in the cows at the start of lactation.

Effects of variations in energy and protein intake on digestibility, nitrogen balance and carcass composition in British Friesian castrate male cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Total Fat

AbstractTwenty-seven castrate male cattle were used in two nutritional balance and slaughter experiments to measure the effects of increasing levels of dietary protein (9 to 15% in the dry matter) at two levels of feeding (approximately 16 and 22 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/100 kg live weight (LW) per day) on digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance and carcass growth and composition over the LW range 130 to 390 kg.The higher level of feeding increased LW gain and carcass gain (CG) but higher protein intake increased LW gain and CG only at the higher feeding level as a result of its favourable effect on digestibility. N balance tended to overestimate carcass N retention at higher levels of protein intake.The higher level of feeding increased the separable fat and total fat in the carcass. Increased protein intake had no effect on the lean meat content but increased the percentage protein in the edible portion of the carcass. LW gain, CG and carcass energy deposition were related to ME intake only but N balance and carcass protein gain were related to both ME and digestible crude protein intake.

Soya bean meal, crystalline urea, and a urea, mineral and vitamin solution as nitrogen sources for lactating ewes given whole oats

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
Jean M. Bass ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crystalline Urea ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFifty-one ewes with single lambs and 87 ewes suckling twin lambs (mean ewe live weight, 67 kg) were given a basal diet of 1·0kg hay and 1·0kg whole oats, providing approximately 16·7MJ metabolizable energy and lOOg digestible crude protein per day. Three supplements (A, B and C), providing an additional 45 g digestible crude protein, were compared. Supplement A consisted of 40 g of a fully-soluble liquid product (LS) containing urea, (equivalent to 1090g crude protein per kg), minerals and vitamins; B was 16g urea with solid minerals and vitamins; and C was 125g soya bean meal given in substitution for the same amount of whole oats plus solid minerals and vitamins. The growth rate to 6 weeks for single lambs (11 kg) was unaffected by treatment. For twin lambs the growth rates were 7·5kg (LS), 7·1kg (crystalline urea), 7·8kg (soya) and 6·4k g (unsupplemented) (s.e. of mean = 0·31 kg). Ewes with twin lambs given crystalline urea or LS lost more live weight (approximately 1·04kg) than those given soya (6·6kg) over the first 6 weeks of lactation. The maintenance of normal concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the blood of ewes suggested that the low total intakes of approximately 4·1 g calcium and 4·7 g phosphorus by the ewes were not inadequate.

scholarly journals Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
J. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Se 33 ◽  
Selection Of

To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

56. The Nutritive Value of Proteins for Milk Production. I. A Comparison of the Proteins of Beans, Linseed, and Meat Meal

1933 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Morris ◽  
Norman C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The protein requirements for maintenance and milk production are based on the well-known investigations of Kellner, Armsby, Haecker, Savage and others, who recommend feeding standards varying from 0·5 to 0·;8 lb. digestible crude protein per 1000 lb. live weight for maintenance, and from 0·52 to 0·63 lb. digestible crude protein per 10 lb. milk for milk production. A detailed study of the work of these investigations shows that in many instances nitrogen equilibrium has been obtained on considerably lower planes of protein intake: but the figures have been arbitrarily raised, partly to provide a sufficient safeguard against underfeeding, and partly on the assumption that the excess food protein could exert a stimulating effect on mammary secretion. Recent investigations, particularly those of Hills and his associates (l), Perkins (2), Buschmann(3) and Savage and Harrison (4) indicate that the existing protein standards could, in fact, be considerably reduced. The above investigations have, however, been limited to a study of the quantity of protein required for maintenance and milk production, and no account has been taken of the possible effect of variations in the quality of proteins on their utilisation.

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