The influence of sex (boars and gilts) on growth, carcass and pork eating quality characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
M. B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBoar and gilt pigs from three genotypes (with 0, 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc inclusion level) were reared from 30 to 90 kg live weight on seven feeding regimens which involved combinations of diet formulation and feeding level. A diet of conventional energy and protein level (CEP; 14·2 MJ/kg digestible energy, 205 g/kg crude protein, 10 g/kg lysine) and a diet of higher energy and lower protein (HELP; 14·7 M]/kg digestible energy, 166 g/kg crude protein, 7·0 g/kg lysine) were used. One treatment involved feeding the HELP diet ad libitum, with the other six treatments involving feeding the CEP diet ad libitum, restricted, or in combinations of ad libitum and restricted. A total of 721 animals comprising similar numbers of boars and gilts were used to estimate sex differences for growth performance, carcass and meat quality, and eating quality. Tissue growth rates were predicted from regression equations based on P2fat depths or ham-joint dissection, developed from subsamples of animals that were subjected to full-side dissection. Overall when compared with gilts, boars grew faster (838 v. 799 gtday, P < 0·001), had improved food conversion ratios (2·39 v.2-55, P < 0·001) but had similar daily food intakes and lean and subcutaneous fat growth rates. Lean tissue food conversions did not differ significantly between the sexes. Killing-out proportions were higher for gilts (0·766 v. 0·749 , P < 0·001), however P2 backfat thickness and lean proportions did not differ between the sexes. The firmness of the mid-back fat, assessed subjectively and using a penetrometer, was greater for gilts than for boars. The tenderness of pork loin chops, assessed by a trained sensory panel, was judged to be better for boars than for gilts but there was no sex difference in overall acceptability. The fat from boars had a higher level of abnormal odour and boar odour. There was a sex × dietary treatment interaction for boar odour with the HELP diet producing the highest levels and the biggest difference between the sexes for odour scores.

The influence of rate of lean and fat tissue development on pork eating quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
B. Hardy ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe influence of plane of nutrition and diet on the eating quality of fresh pork was investigated in a study involving 721 animals. Boars and gilts of three genotypes (0, 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc inclusion level) were reared from 30 to 90 kg on seven feeding regimens (combinations of diet formulation and feeding level) to achieve different rates of lean and fat tissue growth during two growth periods (30 to 60 or 75 kg; 60 or 75 kg to 90 kg), respectively. A diet of conventional energy and protein (CEP, 14·2 MJ/kg digestible energy, 205 g/kg crude protein, 10 g/kg lysine) was given using combinations of ad libitum and restricted feeding to produce six treatment groups with variation in lean and fat growth rates. An additional treatment group was given food ad libitum on a higher energy and lower protein diet (HELP, 14·7 MJ/kg digestible energy, 166 g/kg crude protein, 7·0 g/kg lysine) between 30 and 90 kg. Dissected carcass composition at 90 kg was predicted from equations based on P2 fat depth, which were developed from full-side and ham joint dissections on sub-samples of animals. Representative sub-samples of animals were dissected at start (30 kg) and at interim weights (60 or 75 kg) to allow lean and subcutaneous fat growth rates to be calculated for all or parts of the growth period. The feeding regimes produced substantial variation in live-weight gain (DLWG) (744 to 914 g/day) and lean tissue growth rate (LTGR 345 to 417 g/day) and subcutaneous fat growth rate (SFGR 81 to 97 g/day), between 30 and 90 kg, and in longissimus dorsi intramuscular fat content (10·37 to 23·87 g/kg). Pigs given the HELP diet had the highest intramuscular fat and the best eating quality. Pigs offered the CEP diet ad libitum throughout the growth period produced more tender but less juicy meat than those given food restrictedly (0·8 or 0·9 of ad libitum). The correlations between DLWG, LTGR and SFGR for the whole or parts of the growth period and sensory characteristics, although often positive, were generally low, suggesting weak relationships.

The influence of the proportion of Duroc genes on growth, carcass and pork eating quality characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
M. B. Willis ◽  
P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Lower Shear

AbstractA study was carried out involving 721 pigs, comprising boars and gilts, with either 0, 0.25 , or 0.50 Duroc inclusion level, which were produced by mating Large White boars with Large White × British Landrace sows, Large White boars with Duroc × (Large White × British Landrace) sows, or Duroc boars with Large White × British Landrace sows, respectively. Animals were reared on one of seven different feeding regimens from 30 to 90 kg live weight. Tissue growth rates were determined using a triple sampling procedure based on a combination of full-side and ham joint dissection on subsamples of pigs (127 and 366 pigs, respectively) and P2 backfat thickness on the remainder. Initial body composition was determined at 30 kg on subsamples of the three genotypes. Daily food intakes increased with increasing Duroc inclusion but live-weight gains were similar for the three genotypes. Lean and fat growth rates and food conversion ratios were greatest for the 0·50 Duroc group, although the genotype differences were small. Killing-out proportions and P2 fat depths were higher for the 0.25 and 0·50 Duroc groups. The proportion of lean in the carcass was lower (P < 0·01) for 0·50 Duroc pigs. Japanese colour scores and EEL reflectance indicated that the longissimus muscle was darker for the 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc genotypes. Subcutaneous fat firmness scores and penetrometer readings taken in the mid back indicated softer fat for the 0 Duroc group. Intramuscular fat levels increased (P < 0·01) with increasing Duroc inclusion (10.4, 11.2, and 18·2 g/kg for the 0, 0.25, and 0.50 groups respectively). Cooked longissimus from pigs with 0·50 Duroc had a lower shear force and was judged to have a stronger pork odour and to be more tender and acceptable than that from the 0 Duroc group. The 0.25 Duroc group showed a small improvement in tenderness but a weaker pork odour and similar overall acceptability compared with the 0 Duroc group. This study suggests that the use of the Duroc in crossing systems in the United Kingdom will have limited impact on growth performance but that 0·50 Duroc inclusion will result in fatter carcasses, higher intramuscular fat levels and improved eating quality.

The influence of feeding regimen and lactation length on growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of once-bred gilts

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ellis ◽  
V. R. Fowler ◽  
M. F. Franklin ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
M. A. Varley
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractA study was made to investigate the influence of pregnancy feeding level (ad libitum (AL) and restricted (R); 2·0 kg food per day) and lactation length on growth, carcass, meat quality and processing characteristics of pregnant gilts (P) slaughtered after weaning on day 0 (P·0), day 10 (P·10) or day 35 (P·35) after farrowing. Non-pregnant (NP) control gilts were slaughtered at live weights of approximately 95 kg (NP-L), 135 kg (NP-M), and 160 kg (NP-H). P gilts were mated at an average age of 172 days and an average live weight of 97 kg. Pregnancy per se reduced live weight and lean growth rates compared with NP-H animals which were slaughtered at a similar age to the once-bred animals. Weight loss during lactation tended to increase with lactation length and was higher for gilts given food ad libitum during pregnancy compared with restricted animals. The weight of closely trimmed lean in the carcass was similar for the P·0, P·10 and P·35 groups (59·5 v. 62·2 v. 58·8 kg respectively; average s.e. 2·42) and all once-bred gilt groups virtually doubled trimmed lean yields during pregnancy and lactation. Curing yields were similar for P and NP gilts. As lactation length increased, the fat content of the longissimus dorsi and of the overlying subcutaneous fat layers tended to decrease and the moisture content of these two tissues increased. The major impact offeeding level was on fat levels which were significantly higher for AL animals. Trimmed lean yields were also higher for AL gilts suggesting that lean growth rates were not being maximized on the R feeding regime. Subjective muscle colour scores indicated that the longissmus dorsi from P gilts was darker than from NP-L animals and muscle colour tended to become darker with increasing lactation length. There were few significant differences between treatment groups for eating quality. Meat from once-bred gilts was generally judged to be tougher than that from NP-L animals and toughness generally increased with lactation length. This study confirms the potential of the once-bred gilt as an efficient producer of pig meat but raises issues regarding meat quality that require further research.

The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

Observations on carcass and meat quality in duroc, landrace and duroc x landrace pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 98-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Wood ◽  
A J Kempster ◽  
P J David ◽  
M Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Uk

There has been much recent interest 1n the Duroc as a possible ‘third breed’ in the UK. In particular, claims have been made that meat obtained from Durocs has high eating quality because of raised levels of intramuscular (marbling) fat. In practice, the Duroc 1s likely to be used 1n crosses involving the ‘white’ breeds. Therefore, in this study, carcass and meat quality were examined 1n Duroc, Landrace and Duroc x Landrace pigs produced contemporaneously.Twenty-one entire males from each of the breed types were used. Landrace pigs were from a long-established Nucleus population of British Landrace. The Durocs were from a selected Nucleus line, originally established from an importation from Canada 1n 1968, expanded and improved by subsequent North American importations and then extensively upgraded by frozen semen from the USA over the period 1980-85 using a wide range of sires. The D x L progeny were produced alongside the purebreds in the Nucleus. All pigs were fed ad libitum on a ration containing 13.8 MJ DE, 200g crude protein and lOg lysine per kg and slaughtered at approximately 80 kg live weight at the IFR abattoir following a standard pre-slaughter procedure.

A note on the effects of the ratio of protein to digestible energy and digestible energy concentration in the diet on performance and nitrogen metabolism of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Improved Performance

ABSTRACTPiglets were weaned at 21 days of age, and given diets containing 13·5 or 17·0g crude protein per MJ digestible energy and either 14·7 or 16·8 MJ digestible energy per kg in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment until 56 days of age. There was no effect on performance or food intake when the diets were offered ad libitum, but energy intake was increased with the higher concentration of dietary energy. The higher levels of both protein and energy improved performance in a metabolism experiment with food intake restricted to 0·80 ofad libitumintake, and the higher protein level increased nitrogen retention (g/day per kg live weight) and plasma urea nitrogen. These results suggest that the level of food intake can affect the response to changes in dietary energy and protein concentrations, and indicate that conclusions from metabolism experiments using restricted feeding may be inappropriate under other conditions.

Effect of offering three amounts of maize stover to dairy cows on intake and selection

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J. N. Methu ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
A. Abate ◽  
M. Scarr ◽  
J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Several studies with barley straw (e.g. Wahed et al, 1990) and sorghum stover (e.g. Osafo, 1993) have shown improvements in intake with increasing ‘ad libitum’ amounts offered. Furthermore, these studies have demonstrated that sheep and goats offered barley straw or sorghum stover in long, unprocessed form, increase intake by selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, and against stem. This phenomenon offers a simple feeding strategy to use selective feeding behaviour to improve intake and hence production. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of offering increasing amounts of long maize stover on intake and selection by dairy cows.Six, early- to mid-lactation Ayrshire and Friesian cows (live weight, M, 430 kg) were used in a double 3x3 Latin square design with 24-day (d) feeding periods. Cows were offered long (unchopped) maize stover at low, medium or high ‘ad libitum’ rates, i.e. 31, 59 or 87 g dry matter (DM)/kg M.d. Cows also received 3.2 kg DM/d of cotton seed cake (339 g/kg DM crude protein) in two meals at milking (0700 h and 1800 h). Stover was offered in one meal daily, at 0700 h, after collecting refusals from the previous day. Amounts of stover offered and refused were weighed daily. Samples of offered stover (0.5 kg) and refused stover (0.5 kg) were analysed for DM daily. All refused stover and 4.0 kg samples of offered stover were botanically fractionated, daily, into stem (S), leaf (L), sheath (Sh) and husk (H). Milk yield was recorded daily and cows weighed at the start and end of each period.

The effects of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic on the levels of skatole and indole in faeces and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Hawe ◽  
N. Walker ◽  
B. W. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fibre Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThe effects on the production of indoles of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic were examined in a factorial design using 16 crossbred pigs (eight boars and eight gilts) from 40 to 90 kg live weight. The control diet was based on wheat and soya-bean meal which was partially replaced either by sugar-beet pulp (400 mg/g) or lactose (25 mg/g) or both. All diets were offered with or without the antibiotic tylosin phosphate (200 mg/kg diet). Animals were penned individually and the diet restricted to provide 1·3 M] digestible energy per kg M0·75. All faeces were collected for two 4-day periods at about 60 and 75 kg live weight. Animals were slaughtered on completion of the experiment and subcutaneous fat was sampled. Faeces and carcass fat were analysed for skatole and indole. There were no significant effects of treatments on growth rate but killing-out proportion was reduced (P< 0·05) on fibre or lactose diets with an additive effect (P< 0·001) of the combined ingredients. Dietary fibre significantly increased the daily elimination of skatole and indole and the concentration of indole in faeces but because of greater faecal bulk on the fibre diet the concentration of skatole in faecal dry matter was higher (P< 0·05) on the control diet. Dietary lactose had no effect on indole in faeces but significantly reduced the concentration and daily output of skatole. Levels of both skatole and indole in faeces tended to be reduced with dietary antibiotic which had a significant interaction with the fibre treatment on indole levels. The concentrations of skatole or indole in subcutaneous fat were neither affected by dietary treatment nor significantly correlated with concentrations or outputs in faeces.

The direct and residual effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life on physical performance and gains in chemical composition

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
D C Patterson ◽  
R H J Steen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Representative Samples

The direct, residual and overall effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life were investigated with a factorial arrangement of high, medium and low planes of nutrition (H, M and L respectively) imposed from 2 to 14 weeks of age (Period 1) and high and low planes of nutrition (H and L respectively) from 14 to 26 weeks (Period 2). A common high plane of nutrition was offered from 26 weeks of age until the mean slaughter live weight of 527 kg. The planes of nutrition were based on appropriate fixed allowances of concentrates and good quality silage offered ad libitum apart from the first half of Period 1 where appropriate allowances of milk substitute were offered and the roughage was hay. In addition to the final slaughter point, representative samples of three calves per treatment were also slaughtered at the start of the experiment and at the end of Periods 1 and 2 and crude protein, total lipid and ash were determined. Energy contents of the tissues were also estimated from protein and lipid analyses.

Effects of three different growth rates on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
W. H. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Group ◽  
Relative Growth

SUMMARYA study was made of the effect on body composition of growing Angus steers from 300 to 440 kg at three different rates. The rates were: High (H) 0·8 kg/day, Low (L) 0·4 kg/day and High-Maintenance (HM) 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was maintained constant.The animals were individually penned and the different growth rates were achieved by controlling intakes of a pelleted feed. Two animals (part of H treatment) were killed at 300 kg and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment), were killed at common body weights of 330, 363, 400 and 440 kg.Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment. In order to do this, the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb, was used. As a proportion of empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals. The loss in weight of the dressed carcass during storage at 2 °C for 24 h was similar in all three groups and was 0·98% of HCW. The proportions of HCW in the fore- and hind-quarters were similar in each group.At the same dissected side weight (DSW), the weight of bone was significantly greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group indicating that bone development was related to both age and carcass weight. There were no significant differences between the groups in the proportions of either muscle or total fat. However, the proportion of kidney and channel fat in the H group was greater than in the HM and L groups and the proportion of subcutaneous fat was also greater in the H than in the L group. The amount of connective tissue in the three groups followed, in general, group differences in bone. Analyses of the dissected components of the separate fore- and hind-quarters showed that the difference between the H and L groups in the proportion of subcutaneous fat in the DSW was due to a relatively greater development of this fat in the fore-quarter of the H animals.No differences were found between treatments in the proportion of ‘expensive muscles’ relative to total side muscle (TSM). However, there were treatment effects on the proportions of TSM formed by certain groups of muscles; two examples are: the proportion of group 4 muscles (abdominal muscles) was higher and the proportion of group 6 muscles (distal muscles of the fore-leg) was lower in the H than in the L treatments. Bone weight distribution was similar in all treatments.There were differences between the H and HM groups in the relative growth ratios for all fat tissues (subcutaneous, intermuscular and kidney and channel fat) compared with total side fat. However, in the H and L groups, the relative growth ratios for corresponding fat categories were similar. The weight of kidney and channel fat in the left side of the carcass was significantly greater than in the right side of the carcass in all treatments.

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