The influence of a formulated excess of rumen degradable protein or undegradable protein on milk production in dairy cows in early lactation

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Sloan ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Degradable Protein

ABSTRACTFollowing a 3-week covariance period, 30 group-housed dairy cows were individually given one of three diets from week 4 to week 13 of lactation to determine any possible advantage in milk yield and production of feeding levels of undegradable protein (+UDP) or rumen-degradable protein (+RDP) above the minimum levels (control) proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1984). The three concentrates given were formulated to be of equivalent metabolizable energy (ME, 13·5 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) concentration and each consisted of rolled barley plus a protein supplement: control (crude protein (CP), 129 g/kg DM) 0·35 kg DM fish meal per day; +UDP (CP, 167 g7kg DM) 1·0 kg DM fish meal per day; and +RDP (CP, 167 g/kg DM) 1+5 kg DM soya per day. For each group the total ‘concentrate’ allowance per animal per day was 11·6 kg fresh weight and was given in three equal feeds. Grass silage (CP 122 g/kg DM, ME 106 MJ/kg DM) was given ad libitum. For the control, +UDP and +RDP treatments, respectively, mean grass silage intakes were 8·29, 8·62 and 8·65 kg/day and mean milk yields were 26·6, 26·3 and 26·1 kg/day. These were not significantly different (P > 0·05). Milk fat concentration was lower (P < 0·05) for the +UDP treatment (36·4 g/kg) in comparison with the control (38·6 g/kg) or the +RDP treatment (39·7 g/kg) but no other milk constituent was significantly influenced by treatment. There was a trend for a greater live-weight gain with treatment +UDP (0·81 kg/day) compared with the other two treatments (control 0·50, +RDP 0·51 kg/day) but there were no differences in condition-score change between treatments. In this trial there was no advantage to feeding formulated levels of UDP or RDP above those proposed by ARC (1984).

The influence of concentrate amount on locomotion and clinical lameness in dairy cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Manson ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Predisposing Causes

ABSTRACTAn experiment with two groups of 24 cows during weeks 3 to 22 of lactation examined the influence of 7 (L) or 11 (H) kg concentrates per day on the prevalence of lameness. Grass silage was offeredad libitum. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion on a weekly basis (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Cows scoring 3 or more were considered to be clinically lame. This allowed the prevalence of lameness, its severity and duration to be measured and statistically analysed. There were significantly more observations of lameness in the H cows than the L cows (0·077 and 0·021 observations per cow week) and the severity and duration of lameness incidents were significantly greater. The major causes of lameness were solar problems in the hind feet. The prevalence declined in both treatments as lactation progressed. The predisposing causes of the higher incidence in treatment H could have been the higher concentrate: forage ratio, the greater daily metabolizable energy intake or the greater daily crude protein intake. For treatments L and H, mean milk yields were 20·5, 23·7 kg/day; milk fat 41·7, 39·0 g/kg; milk protein 31·4, 32·0 g/kg; live-weight change -0·12, +0·11 kg/day; and condition score 2·04, 2·18.

Responses of British Friesian steers with or without implants of oestradiol-17β to undegradable dietary protein

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Newbold ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
P. J. Buttery ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
W. Haresign
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractThe ability of the protein nutrition scheme proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1980, 1984) to predict responses to protein supply was examined in two experiments. In experiment 1, groups of nine British Friesian steers implanted with oestradiol-17β and nine non-implanted steers were fed from 133 to 300 kg live weight on each of four all-concentrate diets (metabolizable energy (ME) = 12 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) containing ratios of soya-bean meal and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal such that undegradable protein (UDP) concentration was 19, 25, 32 or 42 g/kg DM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) concentration was relatively constant (111 to 116 g/kg DM). Implantation did not affect DM intake (DMI, g/kg M0·75). Both live-weight gain (LWG) and food conversion efficiency (FCE) (LWG/DMI) were greater (P < 0·05) for the implanted cattle (LWG = 1·41 (s.e. 0·04) kg/day; FCE = 0·24 (s.e. 0·02)) than for the non-implanted cattle (LWG = 1·23 (s.e. 0·05) kg/day; FCE = 0·22 (s.e. 0·02)). There were no dietary effects on either DMI or FCE. In the non-implanted steers, UDP did not affect LWG but, for the implanted steers, there were positive, linear responses in LWG to both UDP concentration (P = 0·048) and UDP intake (P = 0·026). In experiment 2, groups of eight implanted steers were fed from 132 to 300 kg live weight on each of six diets (ME = 12 MJ/kg DM, soya-bean meal and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal as chief protein sources) supplying 17, 26, 34, 39, 54 and 82 g UDP per kg DM and concentrations of RDP up to 1·5 times ARC recommendations. There was no effect of UDP on either DMI or FCE but positive, linear responses in LWG to both UDP concentration (P = 0·019) and UDP intake (P = 0·010). In both experiments, mean DMI exceeded that predicted by ARC (1980) (P < 0·05). LWG predicted by the ME system and the ARC protein scheme was not significantly different from observed LWG for non-implanted steers, but was an underestimate of observed LWG for implanted steers (P = 0·002 in experiment 1, P < 0·001 in experiment 2). Observed responses in LWG to UDP concentration were also poorly predicted (regressions of observed on predicted LWG: experiment 1, r2 = 0·12, residual s.d. = 0·126; experiment 2, r2 = 0·004, residual s.d. = 0·119). It was concluded that oestradiol-17p has significant effects on responses in LWG to UDP, which are not predicted by the current ARC (1980, 1984) protein nutrition scheme.

Protein nutrition of growing cattle: food intake and growth responses to rumen degradable protein and undegradable protein

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Newbold ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
P. J. Buttery ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
W. Haresign
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Current Energy ◽  
Degradable Protein

ABSTRACTGroups of eight Friesian steers were given one of eight diets from 114 to 300 kg live weight. The iso-energetic diets were formulated to supply four levels of protein degradability within two concentrations of crude protein (CP), giving a range of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) and undegradable dietary protein (UDP) concentrations both above and below Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations. There were significant (P < 0·05), positive, linear responses of mean daily dry-matter (DM) intake (DMI) (g/kg M°75) to RDP concentration (g/kg DM) for both the low CP diets (DMI = -98·0 + 1·76 (RDP); P = 0·013) and the high CP diets (DMI = -157·5 + 218 (RDP; P = 0017). For the high CP diets, there was a significant (P = 0·045) positive, linear response of live-weight gain (LWG) (kg/day) to UDP concentration (LWG = 0·47 + 0·017 (UDP); P = 0·045). No such response was observed for the low CP diets, where the range of UDP concentrations supplied was smaller than expected. For both the low and high CP diets, LWG decreased as metabolizable energy, UDP and RDP intake increased. These negative responses to nutrient intake were reflected in a wide discrepancy between observed rates of gain and those predicted by current energy and protein nutrition systems. Interactions between food intake and digestive processes, which obstruct effective interpretation of these results, should form an explicit part of any revised protein nutrition scheme.

The Effects upon the intake and performance of store lambs of supplementing grass silage with barley, fish meal and rapeseed meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yilala ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which individually-penned Suffolk × (Blue-faced Leicester × Swaledale) lambs were given complete diets based on grass silage, and voluntary intake, live-weight gain and nitrogen (N) retention were measured.Experiment 1 investigated the effects of supplements of fish meal (0, 60 and 120 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)) and barley (0, 150 and 300 g/kg diet DM) in a 3 × 3 design using 72 lambs. The lambs averaged 35 kg live weight at the start of the 47-day experiment. Fish-meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and metabolizable energy (ME), and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Barley supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM and ME, but reduced silage DM intake; live-weight gain, carcass weight and N retention were all improved.Experiment 2 investigated the effects of supplements of rapeseed meal (0 and 120 g/kg diet DM) in two forms (untreated and formaldehyde-treated) and barley (0 and 150 g/kg diet DM) in a 2 × 2 × 2 design with two missing treatments and using 48 lambs. The lambs averaged 39 kg live weight at the start of the 42-day experiment. Rapeseed meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and ME, and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Form of rapeseed meal had no effect. Barley increased diet DM and ME intakes and improved daily gains and carcass weights.

An evaluation of prediction equations incorporated in a computer program to ration beef cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. St C. Neal ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
J. France ◽  
A. Spedding ◽  
S. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

AbstractEquations for the prediction of forage dry-matter intake, metabolizable energy (ME), rumen degradable protein and undegraded protein, based on those in the current Agricultural Research Council system, were incorporated into a computer program designed to be used by livestock advisors for on-farm rationing of beef cattle. The predictions of silage intake and live-weight gain are compared with experimental data.Voluntary intake of grass silage was generally over-estimated by the program by proportionately at least 0·06, with a root mean square error of ±0·18 of the mean observed silage intake for the all-silage rations. The prediction of ME requirement for observed production had an error of +0·15 of average ME intake but the calculations of ME intake were themselves dependent on the predictions of the ME concentrations of the silages and supplements. Similarly the comparison of protein supply with requirement was highly dependent on the value assigned to N-degradability. However, the program can be used to assess how changes in the input values would affect ration formulation.The mathematical basis of the program is described in the Appendix.

A study of the energy requirements of weaned lambs

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to study the energy requirements of young fattening lambs for maintenance and production. Forty weaned lambs were used in each experiment, 20 being allocated to a high level of feeding (900 g air-dry feed per day) and 20 to a low level (540 g). The animals used in Experiment 1 were approximately 12 months of age and their mean live weight was 35·3±4·03 kg. Those in Experiment 2 were approximately seven months of age and their mean live weight was 36·7 ± 4·57 kg. Experiment 1 continued for 100 days and Experiment 2 for 47 days. Three digestibility trials, involving three animals from each feeding level, were carried out during the course of each experiment to obtain precise estimates of digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). The estimated mean DOMI required for maintenance for a 45-kg lamb was 400 g (0·88 lb) or 1500 kcal metabolizable energy per day. The estimated maintenance requirement was not affected by the age of the animal. The DOMI required for production ranged from 1·55 kg per kg live-weight gain for the younger animals to 1·71 kg for the older animals. Both these requirements were lower than those obtained by other workers and those suggested by the Agricultural Research Council (1965).

The nutritive value of silages

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
P. C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

1. Two calorimetric experiments were conducted to study the utilization of energy in sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were investigated. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring (S) and the others from regrowth cut either early or late in the autumn (E and L respectively). All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and preserved with formic acid. Each silage was given at two levels of feeding, the lower providing approximately a maintenance energy intake. The S and L silages were also given supplemented with barley.2. The digestibilities of organic matter, cellulose and energy in the silages were high. Measured at maintenance, digestible energy (de) contents (MJ/kg dry matter (dm)) were 11.83, 14.67 and 12.90 for S, E and L respectively. The de contents of the S and E silages were depressed at the higher level of feeding but the effect was offset by changes in the energy losses as methane and urine. Metabolizable energy (me) contents (MJ/kg dm) for the three silages, S, E and L were respectively 9.88, 12.54 and 10.73 at the low level of feeding and 9.91, 11.99 and 11.08 at the high level of feeding. The mean me content of barley calculated by difference was 13.76 MJ/kg dm.3. The mean efficiencies of utilization of me for maintenance (km) for the S, E and L silages were 0.69, 0.71 and 0.68 respectively. Corresponding values for fattening (kf) were 0.21, 0.57 and 0.59. Excepting the kf for the S silage which was low, observed efficiencies were in broad agreement with those predicted by the equations of the Agricultural Research Council (1965). Similar agreement was obtained with all diets consisting of silage and barley.

scholarly journals Undernutrition in sheep. The effect of supplementation with protein on protein accretion

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Fattet ◽  
F. D. Deb. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
K. Pennie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Free Body

1. In a comparative-slaughter experiment, individually rationed wether lambs initially of 42 kg were given 235, 362 or 456 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg live weight (LW)0.75 per d as sodium hydroxide-treated barley straw with urea (six lambs per treatment), or NaOH-treated barley straw with urea plus 125 g/d white-fish meal to give 307 or 488 kJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d (seven lambs per treatment) for 92 d.2. All unsupplemented lambs lost both fat and body protein. The changes in fat were – 3.53, – 2.75 and – 1.40 (SE 0.59) kg (initial value 8.6 kg), and the changes in body protein were –0.47, –0.09 and –0.14 (SE 0.13) kg (initial value 4.9 kg) for the three unsupplemented groups respectively. When supplemented with fish meal, fat was again lost as –1.53 and –0.93 (SE 0.55) kg, but wool-free body protein was increased, and gains were 0.48 and 0.89 (SE 0.12) kg for the two supplemented groups respectively. All animals lost wool-free body energy, total changes being –150, – 111, – 59 and –49 and – 16 MJ respectively. When corrected to an equal ME intake the supplemented lambs, when compared with the unsupplemented lambs, gained (instead of losing) body protein (P < 0.001) and lost less fat (P < 0.05). Wool growth did not respond to supplemental protein, but was related to ME intake with an increase of 0.78 g wool fibre for each additional MJ ME.3. The maintenance requirements of the unsupplemented and supplemented groups respectively were estimated by regression analysis to be 554 and 496 kJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d. The apparent utilization of ME below energy equilibrium (km) was 0.31 (SE 0.08) for the unsupplemented animals, and 0.12 (SE 0.10) for the supplemented animals, well below akm, of 0.70 which current UK standards (Agricultural Research Council, 1980) would predict. Most of these differences could be reconciled if basal metabolism was assumed not to be constant.4. It is concluded that lambs in negative energy balance can continue lean body growth at the expense of body fat, provided sufficient dietary protein is available. It is also concluded that since the animals at the lowest ME intakes required less ME than predicted by current feeding standards, the effect was that it would have been difficult to distinguish between the apparent utilization of ME for maintenance (km) and for fattening (kf).

scholarly journals Effects of winter feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MANNINEN ◽  
K. SAARIJÄRVI ◽  
H. HUHTA
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Reproduction Strategy ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Alternative Feeds ◽  
Barley Silage

The present study evaluated the effects of feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny during indoor feeding and subsequent grazing. In both experiments, a 2 × 2 factorially arranged design consisted of two feeding strategies (Step-up, Sas offered on Strategy S, but at a constant daily level. In Experiment 1, cows on Diet C were offered grass silage and straw and on Diet A grass silage and a fl our-mill industry by-product. On Strategy S, feeding was stepped with barley (0, 1.5 and 3.5 kg d-1). On Strategy F, barley was offered 1.43 kg per head daily. In Experiment 2, cows were offered either grass silage (C) or whole-crop barley silage (A) as a sole feed. Strategy S was carried out by offering 68, 95 and 119 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per cow daily. On Strategy F, roughage was given daily 97 MJ ME. In both experiments, there were no signifi cant differences between treatments in the cow live weight, body condition score, calf pre-weaning live weight gain and cow reproduction. Strategy F can be practised in the nutrition of mature suckler cows in marginal circumstances. Flour-mill industry by-product can partly replace grass silage and straw in the winter diet. Wholecrop barley silage can be offered as a sole feed to suckler cows with good body condition score in autumn.;

The performance of dairy cows with access to self-feed silage offered concentrates from a free-access dispenser

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chalmers ◽  
F. R. Moisey ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
The Self ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rate Of Decline

ABSTRACTIn two experiments cows with access to self-feed grass silage were offered concentrates either twice daily in the milking parlour at a fixed level (controls) or in addition given free-access to a concentrate dispenser sited in the self-feed area (dispenser). A time-lapse mechanism on the dispenser limited successive 1 kg feeds to a minimum of 10 min in experiment 1 and 5 min in experiment 2. The ‘dispenser’ cows had significantly greater total concentrate intakes than had the controls (10·4 v. 7·1 kg/day in experiment 1, 13·4 v. 7·3 kg/day in experiment 2), but there was a large variation in intake between individuals. Access to the dispenser increased milk yields only slightly, reduced milk fat concentration and increased milk protein concentration and live-weight gain. Following turnout to grass in the spring, there was evidence that the cows that had been on the dispenser treatment showed a faster rate of decline in milk yield than did the controls, and this was supported by lower lactation yields in the dispenser group.

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