Reproductive performance, body weight and body condition of breeding sows with differing body fatness at parturition, differing nutrition during lactation, and differing litter size

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yang ◽  
P. R. Eastham ◽  
P. Phillips ◽  
C. T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTOne hundred and two Large White × Landrace Fl hybrid sows were allocated over four parities in a factorial design to two levels of target P2 backfat thickness at parturition (20 mm, F v. 12 mm, T), two levels of lactation feeding {ad libitum, H v. 3 kg/day, L), and two sizes of sucking litter (six v. 10). Sows attained 13 mm P2 when first mated at 126 kg live weight. Fatness (P2, mm) at weaning was significantly influenced by target fatness at parturition (14·2 v. 9·3), lactation feeding level (13·7 v. 10·0), and litter size (12·7 v. 11·0). Changes in backfat (P2, mm) during 28-day lactation were significantly influenced by target fatness at parturition (—5·0 v. —2·5), lactation feeding (-2 0 v. —5·4), and litter size (—2·9 v. -4·6). Sow live weight (kg) at weaning was significantly influenced by target fatness at parturition (211 v. 192), lactation feeding (218 v. 186), and litter size (208 v. 196). Changes in live weight (kg) during 28-day lactation were significantly influenced by target fatness at parturition (—26 v. — 12), lactation feeding (—5 v. —31), and litter size (—12 v. —25). With multiparous sows only, total food intake during 28-day lactation was negatively related to total food intake in pregnancy. Change in backfat (P2, mm) during 28-day lactation = -0·28 - 0·27 P2 at parturition + 0·04 lactation food intake — 0·50 litter size. Change in live weight (kg) during 28-day lactation = -3·8 — 0·15 live weight post partum + 0·36 lactation food intake — 3·3 litter size. Sows with target fat levels of 20 mm P2 at parturition had better food conversion efficiencies than sows with target fat levels of 12 mm. Target fatness at parturition, and especially lactation food intake, but not litter size, significantly influenced the interval (days) from weaning to oestrus in parity 1 (9·1 v. 14·2 and 7·8 v. 15·3, but 11·6 v. 11·5), while n i subsequent parities only litter size influenced the interval (days) from weaning to oestrus (6·0 v. 8·0). Birth weight (kg) of piglets was influenced only marginally by target fatness at parturition (1·4 v. 1·2) in parity 1, and not by the other factors, or in subsequent parities. Piglet growth rate was affected by both target fatness at parturition and litter size, but by lactation feeding level only in the last week of lactation. The relationship between fatness at weaning (mm) and the weaning to oestrus interval (days) for primiparous sows can be expressed as 26·6 — 1·28 P2. High level feeding in lactation imparted production and efficiency benefit in both primiparous and multiparous sows, while pregnancy feeding to a target of 20 mm rather than 12 mm at parturition was of benefit for primiparous sows.

The influence of food intake and allyl trenbolone administration during lactation on plasma steroid concentrations and the reproductive performance of multiparous sows

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Costa ◽  
M. A. Varley
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Large White ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
High Level

AbstractAn experiment was made to examine the effects of food intake and an orally active progestagen on plasma steroid concentrations and subsequent reproductive performance of multiparous sows. Thirty-five multiparous Landrace × Large White sows were assigned to one of four treatments immediately after parturition. Treatment H-AT sows were offered a high level of food intake throughout lactation: 3·5 kg of a diet containing 160 g/kg dry matter (DM) of crude protein and 13 MJ digestible energy per kg DM given twice daily. Treatment H+AT sows were offered the same food intake as H-AT sows and in addition they were given 20 mglday of allyl trenbolone (AT) mixed with the morning feed. Treatment L-AT sows were given 1·5 kg of the same diet offered twice daily during lactation and treatment L+AT sows were also offered this lower level of food intake and given AT. The respective levels of food intake were offered to sows from the 1st day of lactation onwards until weaning at 21 days post partum. Litter weights at weaning were influenced significantly by feeding level (P < 0·001) and also by AT administration (P <0·05). Sows on the high level of feeding had the heaviest litters and food-restricted sows had the lightest litters. AT treatment depressed litter weight at weaning. There was no effect of food level or AT on the plasma concentrations of progesterone or oestrogens during lactation. There was a highly significant (P <0·001) difference in mean plasma oestrogen concentration between high (H-AT and H+AT) and low (L-AT and L+AT) fed groups during early pregnancy in the subsequent cycle. Sows given a combination of high energy in lactation and AT (H+AT) exhibited shorter intervals from weaning to oestrus than both groups of food-restricted (L-AT and L+AT) sows fP <0·01) but treatment had no significant effect on either the farrowing rate or on the subsequent litter size. It is concluded that despite significant changes in the live weight and condition of sows and changes in steroid hormone concentrations due to food intake and the administration of allyl trenbolone, there were no significant effects on reproductive performance.

Effect of diurnally fluctuating high ambient temperatures on performance and feeding behaviour of multiparous lactating sows

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
D. Renaudeau ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractForty-two multiparous Large White sows were used to investigate the effect of diurnally fluctuating temperature (T) on lactation performance and feeding behaviour. The animals were allocated to one of the four thermic treatments: constant T at 25°C (25C) and 29°C (29C) or equal-mean diurnal cyclic T varying from 21 to 29°C (25V) and from 25 to 33°C (29V). Photoperiod was fixed to 14 h of light. The sows were given food ad libitum between the 7th and the 19th day post partům. Lactation performance was measured for all sows whereas the feeding behaviour was recorded only on 28 sows. The ad libitum food intake was comparable at 25C and 25V (6•31 kg/day) as were milk production and body reserves mobilization. In contrast, food intake at 29V was higher than at 29C (4•53 v. 3•48 kg/day) with no difference in milk production between the two treatments. The increased daily food intake at 29V resulted from higher intakes over the coolest periods of the day and especially during the dark period. Neither meal size nor daily number of meals were significantly affected by T. Feeding behaviour was mainly diurnal but with differences between treatments: 0•90 of total food intake at 29C v. 0•78 at the other three T It appears that the effects of diurnally fluctuating T on lactation performance of sows depend on the mean level of T

Diet selection in pigs: choices made by growing pigs given foods of different protein concentrations

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
C. T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food

ABSTRACTTo test the proposition that growing pigs, when given a choice between two foods, are able to select a diet that meets their requirements, and to investigate the rules of diet selection, four foods (L, A, B and H) with similar energy yields, but different concentrations of crude protein (CP) (125, 174, 213 and 267 g CP per kg fresh food respectively) were formulated. The four foods were offeredad libitumeither singly, or as a two-way choice using all the six possible pairs, to 40 individually caged pigs from 12 to 30 kg live weight. On the single foods the rate of food intake fell from 1001 to 971 to 961 to 868 (s.e.d. 40) g/day (F < 0·05) as the protein concentration of the foods increased from L to H; the growth rate followed an opposite trend (492, 627, 743 and 693 (s.e.d. 31) g/day respectively;P< 0·01). When the pigs had to select between two foods limiting in protein (L and A) the less limiting one was preferred (710 (s.e. 200) g A per kg total food intake; the protein concentration of the selected diet was 160 (s.e. 10) g CP per kg). On the choice between B and H (a choice between a food with protein concentration close to requirements and a food with protein excess) the lower food was markedly preferred (928 (s.e. 4) g B per kg total food intake; the protein concentration of the selected diet was 218 (s.e. 1) g CP per kg). When the animals were given a choice between two foods, a combination of which was non-limiting (pairs LB, LH, AB and AH), the protein concentrations of the selected diets were not different between treatments (208, 204, 202 and 205 (s.e.d. 13) g CP per kg respectively) and they also declined systematically with time and weight. The growth rate of the animals on these pairs were 752, 768, 769 and 763 (s.e.d. 54) g/day (P > 0·05), which were not significantly different from the highest growth rate achieved on a single food. The results suggest that pigs, when given a choice between a suitable pair of foods, are able to choose a balanced diet and to change its composition to reflect their changing requirements. The choice-feeding method may well be useful as an effective and economic way of estimating and meeting requirements, and of measuring the growth potential of pigs.

The effect of nutrition on the reproductive performance of first-litter sows 1. Feeding level during lactation, and between weaning and mating

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTA factorial experiment was conducted with 80 first-litter sows and involved two levels of feeding during lactation (ad libitum or 2·0 kg/day), and two levels of feeding between weaning and mating (4·0 or 1·5 kg/day).Average lactation length was 32·2 days. Sows given 2·0 kg/day during lactation lost more backfat (6·3 v. 0·9 mm; P < 0·05) and more live weight (36·8 v. 9·1 kg; P < 0·05) during lactation than sows fed ad libitum and whose average daily food intake was 4·47 kg. Sows receiving 20 kg/day during lactation took longer to return to oestrus after weaning. Within 8 days of weaning more sows fed ad libitum during lactation ovulated (0·90 v. 0·40; x2 = 20·0; P < 0·001) and exhibited oestrus (0·78 v. 0·38; x2 = 12·8; P < 0·001) than sows whose food intake throughout lactation was restricted. Ovulation rate, subsequent litter size and embryonic mortality were not significantly affected by feeding level during lactation.Post-weaning feeding level did not affect the interval between weaning and oestrus. However, sows receiving 4·0 kg/day between weaning and mating had higher ovulation rates (14·8 v. 13·0; P < 0·05) and a greater litter size (10·0 v. 8·8; P < 0·1) at the subsequent farrowing.

The effect of a methane-suppressing compound, trichloroethyl adipate, on rumen fermentation and the growth of sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Clapperton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Lamb Growth

SUMMARY1. Three experiments have been carried out to study the effect of adding trichloroethyl adipate, a compound known to prevent the production of methane bothin vitroandin vivo, to the diet of sheep on fermentation in the rumen and on the growth of lambs. In Experiment 1 the additive was incorporated at various levels for 6 weeks, in Experiment 2 it was given at one of four levels for 12 weeks and in Experiment 3 it was included in the food of growing lambs for 15 weeks.2. Initially, in Experiments 1 and 2, the additive caused a large reduction in methane production and in the molar proportion of acetic acid in the rumen liquor with a corresponding increase in propionic acid. These effects were much reduced after the first 2 to 3 weeks of administration.3. The total food intake of the animals receiving the additive in Experiment 3 was 4% less than that of the control animals. This difference was negligible at the start of the experiment but increased throughout the feeding period.4. On average, the relative live-weight gain and the changes in the weights of carcass, viscera and empty body weight of the animals receiving the additive were also 4% less than those of the control animals.5. The observed differences in weight gain resulted from the differences in food intake and the additive had no beneficial effect upon lamb growth. This lack of effect on growth was due to rapid adaptation by the rumen fermentation to the presence of the additive.

Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: food intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
D. M. Green ◽  
P. W. Knap
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Reasonable Prediction

AbstractFood intake in pigs is highly variable across different production circumstances. This report concludes from a critical review of published observations that it was unrealistic to expect from the scientific literature purporting to express nutrient requirement any reasonable prediction of the particular food intake of groups of pigs. None the less, such knowledge is essential for the practical purposes of their day-to-day nutrition. The literature does however yield general principles from which may be derived: (a) the likely forms (but not the parameter values) of intake functions relating food intake to pig live weight; and (b) the likely factors involved in the modulation of food intake at any given live weight. Using these principles two methods for determining on-farm food intake from the use of simple and available records were proposed. The first requires knowledge only of start and final weight, the time elapsed, and total food intake: it involves two steps, the determination of a suitable growth curve followed by the fitting of a suitable food intake curve. The second method is appropriate in the absence of information on total food intake, and requires a minimum number of spot measurements through the growth period. Different functions were tested for the curve of best fit. As a further benefit it appeared that models could be constructed from the information presented that would speculate for diagnostic purposes upon the likely modulators of food intake. Such models could explore the constraints of gut capacity, the energetic requirements of maintenance and potential growth, the influence of excessive or inadequate environmental temperature, the quality of housing and stocking density.

A note on the diets selected by boars given a choice between two foods of different protein concentrations from 44 to 103 kg live weight

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
A. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Choice Feeding

Ten Large White × Landrace boars at an initial live weight of 43 kg were given free access to two isoenergetic foods with 119 (L) and 222 (H) g crude protein (CP) per kg food as a choice, for 54 days. Six more similar boars were given access to food H only. The diet selected by the choice-fed pigs (measured as the proportion of food H per kg total food intake) changed systematically with time; the CP content of the selected diet fell from 193 in the first 7 days to 146 g CP per kg food in the last 7 days. The performance of the choicefed pigs, over the 54-day period, was as good as that of those given food H only: live-weight gain was 1101v.1069 g/day and food conversion efficiency 0·380v.0·374 g gain per g food respectively. However, the choice-feeding system allowed boars to reduce the protein content of their diet as they grew. It is suggested that it might be possible to give pigs a choice between two appropriate foods during the whole growing-fattening period instead of frequently changing the composition for their single food in order to try to meet their requirements.

The Influence of Fatness and Fat Change on the Performance of Breeding Gilts

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 63-63
Author(s):  
P.R. Eastham ◽  
C.T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
High Level

Weight gains can occur with substantial fat losses and therefore liveweight change is unlikely to form the basis of feeding strategies, whereas the fatness of the animal may be a more appropriate criterion. Eighty Large White x Landrace gilts were first mated at 123.5 kg ± 1.54 with a P2 of 14.5 mm ± 0.24 [Meritronics] and 12.7 mm ± 0.19 (Vetscan]. Half these gilts were fed to be fat [F] at parturition [target 20-24 mm P2) and half were fed to be thin [T] [target 10-14 mm P2). F gilts consumed more feed during pregnancy and gained more weight and backfat than T gilts [all differences between the 2 treatments were significant P˂0.001). The number of piglets born and the number of live births were not affected by feeding gilts to be fat or thin, but fat gilts produced significantly heavier piglets. After parturition, half of both F and T gilts were offered either 7 kg of food per day [H] or 3 kg per day [L] and half were sucked by litters of 5 piglets and half by litters of 10 piglets during a 28 day lactation. Piglets were not given creep feed. Fatness of the gilts at parturition, feed level during lactation and sucking litter size all significantly influenced both the absolute and the change in liveweight and backfat from farrowing to weaning. Weight and P2 changes are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The performance of the litter was also significantly affected by the fatness of the gilt at parturition and by the number of piglets sucking. Results for each treatment group are given in Table 1. Animals offered the high level of feed during lactation had a significantly shorter interval between weaning and conception. There were also positive relationships between readiness to rebreed and absolute liveweight and absolute fatness.

Effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on meal patterns of Zucker rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (5) ◽  
pp. R584-R594 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Freedman ◽  
T. W. Castonguay ◽  
J. S. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food

Male obese and lean Zucker rats were adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham-operated at 10 wk of age. Approximately 16 wk later, patterns of food intake were monitored by computer-interfaced top loading balances. Data were collected from ADX rats before, during, and after access to a corticosterone-supplemented saline solution (20 micrograms/ml). Although total food intake during the precorticosterone treatment period was not different between ADX and sham controls, ADX resulted in attenuation of light cycle food intake, primarily via decreased meal frequency. With steroid replacement, light cycle meal frequency and food intake increased. Despite comparable self-administered dose (20.33 +/- 0.89 vs. 17.05 +/- 1.2 mg corticosterone/period, obese vs. lean), obese ADX rats were more responsive to steroid than were lean ADX rats. This increased responsiveness was reflected by a 30% increase in food intake and 60% increase in body weight gain of obese ADX rats during replacement. Lean ADX rats exhibited no change in total food intake or weight gain with replacement. Further, during corticosterone treatment, obese ADX rats increased meal frequency, total food intake, and consumption of large meals (greater than or equal to 4 g) during the dark cycle. Significant postprandial correlations were found only in obese ADX rats, both with and without replacement during the dark cycle. These results suggest adrenal glucocorticoids have a minimal effect on food intake and meal patterns in lean Zucker rats but significantly alter intake and meal patterns in obese rats.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE

1924 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Additional Amount ◽  
Ordinary Diet

The development of a method for the collection of total bile from dogs in a sterile state and uninfluenced by the gall bladder, day after day for weeks, has rendered possible an accurate study of the influence of diet upon the cholesterol output of the secretion. When a diet rich in cholesterol is given the amount of the substance in the bile greatly increases. Not only this but the concentration per cc. is, in almost every instance, greater. An increase in the total food intake, by the addition to the ordinary ration of a bone mash diet containing only a slight additional amount of cholesterol (200 mg.) produces a similar, though lesser, increase. In the fasting dog, the cholesterol yield is greatly cut down. The increase in the cholesterol after food rich in the substance does not depend on the cholagogue action of this latter, though it is true that the concentration of cholesterol in the bile usually increases with the bile volume. Though fasting cuts down the cholesterol of bile, the concentration of the substance per cc. is greatly increased. On an ordinary diet the yield of it fluctuates abruptly and considerably from day to day. In general the rule holds that an animal eating largely puts out not only much more bile but much more cholesterol. The relation between bile quantity and cholesterol yield is anything but a fixed one, however. The cholesterol yield of the bile does not parallel that of bilirubin. The pigment output from day to day remains relatively constant as compared with that of cholesterol.

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