Effects of lactational level on reactivation of ovarian function, and interval from parturition to first visual oestrus and conception in high-producing holstein cows

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Harrison ◽  
J. W. Young ◽  
A. E. Freeman ◽  
S. P. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Ovarian Cyclicity ◽  
Average Glucose Concentration ◽  
Average Glucose

ABSTRACTData were collected on 19 high-producing Holstein dairy cows from day 20 post partum until they were either determined pregnant or reached 150 days post partum. Blood metabolites (progesterone (P4), glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and free fatty acids (FFA)) were related to the interval from parturition to first luteal phase, first visual oestrus and conception. Prior to data analysis, cows were divided into two groups based on their 120-day milk production and designated as below herd average (BHA; no. = 9) or above herd average (AHA; no. = 10). Average 120-day milk productions for BHA, AHA and herdmates (no. = 56) were 3932 (s.e. 157), 4841 (s.e. 60) and 4353 (s.e. 96) kg, respectively. Days from parturition to first luteal phase were not different between the BHA and AHA groups (31·7 (s.e. 1·7) and 31·5 (s.e. 6·9), respectively). In contrast, days from parturition to first visual oestrus and to conception oestrus were less for the BHA group than for the AHA group (46·8 (s.e. 4·6) and 76·9 (s.e. 7·5) v. 67·7 (s.e. 5·2) and 102·5 (s.e. 9·2) days, respectively (P < 0·05)). Further, average glucose concentration from day 20 to first luteal phase was higher (P < 0·05) for the BHA group than for the AHA group (64·1 (s.e. 1·6) v. 58·4 (s.e. 1·6) mg/dl). From day 20 to first visual oestrus, plasma glucose concentration increased while BHBA and FFA declined; all three metabolites then remained relatively constant until conception. These data suggest that as the amount of milk a dairy cow produces increases, the interval from parturition to first visual oestrus and conception increases. These data are consistent with a suppression of oestrus behaviour rather than with a delayed interval to ovarian cyclicity.

Hypoglycemia Pathogenesis in Children With Dumping Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-942
Author(s):  
Scott A. Rivkees ◽  
John D. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Dumping Syndrome ◽  
Early Release ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Average Blood Glucose ◽  
Average Glucose Concentration ◽  
Average Glucose

Three children with severe hypoglycemic reactions secondary to dumping syndrome were studied to discern the mechanism by which hypoglycemia occurred. Symptoms in patient 1 developed after fundoplication, generalized autonomic dysfunction occurred in patient 2, and dumping syndrome developed in patient 3 after malplacement of a feeding gastrostomy tube. Average blood glucose levels studied during and after two to seven meals in each child were 375 ± 97 mg/dL (mean ± SD) 30 minutes postprandially and 35 ± 10 mg/dL &gt;120 minutes later. Swings in glucose values were proportional to the volume of meals. Insulin and glucagon levels were followed during a single meal challenge test in each patient; the average glucose concentration increased to 356 ± 59 mg/dL 30 minutes postprandially and decreased to 32 ± 11 mg/dL at 150 ± 30 minutes. Hormonal analyses indicated (1) inappropriate early release of glucagon (300 pg/mL at 15 minutes) in patient 1, (2) exuberant early release of insulin (maximum 190 ± 15 µU/mL) resulting in rapid decrease in glucose concentration in all patients, (3) development and/or persistence of hypoglycemia after the decline in circulating insulin to undetectable levels, and (4) inadequate glucagon response to hypoglycemia resulting in sustained hypoglycemia. These data indicate that gross disturbances of the insulin-glucagon axis attend childhood dumping syndrome.

scholarly journals Impact of endometritis on post-partum ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.A. Mohammed ◽  
G.E. Mann ◽  
R.S. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Ovarian Cyclicity

Plasma leptin concentration and its interrelation with some blood metabolites, metabolic hormones and the resumption of cyclic ovarian function in postpartum dairy cows supplemented with monensin or inert fat in feed

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gy. Huszenicza ◽  
M. Kulcsar ◽  
J. A. Nikolic ◽  
J. Schmidt ◽  
P. Korodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Minimal Concentration ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Ovarian Cyclicity

AbstractThe postpartum changes in plasma leptin levels of dairy cows ovulated within 35 days after calving were compared to of those with delayed onset of cyclicity in two experiments. The cows were sampled for leptin, insulin, IGF-1, thyroid hormones (T4, T3, rT3), Cortisol and also for some metabolites (glucose, NEFA, BHB and TCH) on day 1-3 after calving and again four times 7 days apart (Exp. 1), or in weeks 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 postpartum (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1 also the standard low dose ACTH-induced Cortisol response and TRH-stimulated T4/T3 responses were determined on days 1-3 and 28-35. In cows of Exp. 1 the leptin level varied within a wide range with a mean of about 4 ng/ml HE in the first samples. Up to week 5 it remained unchanged in cows ovulated within day 35 but reduced in those with delayed onset of cyclicity, resulting in significant difference between the two group means.In cows of Exp. 2 the week 1 leptin levels were lower and less variable than that of Exp. 1. In weeks 2 and 3 a slightly increasing tendency of leptin pattern was seen in cows resuming their ovarian cyclicity within 35 days whereas in those with delayed onset of cyclicity the leptin level remained unchanged. Up to week 5 this tendency resulted in exactly the same leptin values as seen in Exp. 1 with significant differences between the group means in both of the weeks 5 and 10. It was concluded that the plasma leptin concentration in postpartum dairy cows may interfere with resumption of cyclic ovarian function, but its influence may be only permissive (e.g. a minimal concentration above a supposed threshold seems to be the prerequisite of the onset of cyclicity)

Physiological Adaptations to Milk Production that Affect the Fertility of High Yielding Dairy Cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 37-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Taylor ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. C. Wathes
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Igf I

SummaryThe high yielding dairy cow is expected to produce a substantial milk output every year and at the same time to conceive and maintain a pregnancy to term. To fulfil lifetime production potential a balance between yield, fertility and other influential factors has to be achieved. Any inability on the part of the management system to identify and rectify problems or on the part of the cow to cope with metabolic demands invariably results in economic or welfare issues. Our studies of high yielding dairy cows have revealed that some animals are capable of normal reproductive function whilst others are classic repeat breeders (requiring 3+ services per conception) or simply fail to rebreed. It is well established that the somatotrophic axis (growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors) drives lactation in ruminants but it is also intimately involved in reproductive processes. An awareness of metabolic adaptations to lactation that impact on reproduction in dairy cows is needed for appropriate management.The objective of our studies was to explore the metabolic profiles of high yielding dairy cows to identify factors influencing their ovarian function and fertility, hence to characterise the physiological adaptations involved. Our studies revealed different relationships between progesterone profile categories and metabolic status post partum. Delayed ovulation (DOV) or persistent corpora lutea (PCL) may be an appropriate response to a nutritional state or physiological situation and it may therefore be inaccurate to refer to these as ‘abnormal’. Whilst associated with high milk yields, not all profile categories detrimentally affected fertility parameters. Delayed ovulation postcalving (DOV1) was identified as the most prevalent abnormal profile encountered in first lactation high yielding cows. This may have occurred because the cows were not yet physically mature and unable to sustain both milk production and growth. The condition lasted long enough (71 ± 8.3 days from calving) to have a detrimental impact on their overall fertility parameters and was associated with significant physiological changes, representative of tissue mobilisation. Although the incidence of persistent luteal phases (PCL1 and PCL2) in dairy cows is increasing, this condition was not found to have any substantial detrimental effects on fertility or production parameters of the primiparous or multiparous cows in these studies. The main reproductive problems in our high yielding primiparous and multiparous cows appeared to be a failure to ovulate and conceive at the expected time or to maintain a pregnancy. These situations were associated predominantly with high milk yields and low concentrations of plasma IGF-I. A failure to ovulate appears to occur when body reserves are mobilised to maintain milk yield at the expense of reproduction and seems most likely to occur in primiparous high yielding cows or those experiencing GH-resistance (low IGF-I) due to excessive body condition loss, reduced feed intakes and factors such as stress and disease. More detailed investigations of dietary means of increasing IGF-I and optimising insulin concentrations, targeted at important reproductive times, are required in high yielding dairy cows, to aid in their management.

The effects of raising post-oestrus progesterone concentrations on luteal activity in post-partum dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Darwash ◽  
G. L. Ward ◽  
G. E. Lamming ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Phase Length ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractIn order to investigate the rationale of manipulating post-ovulation progesterone (P4) concentrations, luteal activity was measured in 10 Holstein-Friesian cows treated with a progesterone-releasing device (CIDR, 1·9 g P4) inserted on the morning of day 2 post-oestrus for a period of 7 days and compared with 10 untreated control animals. Milk samples were collected daily during afternoon milking from 7 days pre- to 24 days post-oestrus and P4 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The milk P4 profiles were used to assess the effects of early post-oestrus P4 elevation on five intervals of the luteal phase. In the treated (T) and control (C) animals, the mean interval from oestrus to P4 rise (≥3 μg/l), was 2·38 (s.e. 0·18) and 4·90 (s.e. 0·28) days, respectively, (P < 0·01). The mean interval from oestrus to the attainment of peak P4 concentrations was not significantly different (P > 0·05) between the T (14·75 (s.e. 1-62) days) and С (14·30 (s.e. 0·70) days) animals, with cows in the T group showing a more variable (F7 9 = 4-30, P < 0·05) interval to the occurrence of the peak. The interval from peak P4 to corpus luteum (CL) regression (when P4 fell below ≥3 μg/l) was not significantly different between the T (4·13 (s.e. 1·30 days) and С (5·60 (s.e. 0·88) days) groups. Furthermore, CIDR insertion did not alter luteal phase length, number of days with P4 concentrations ≥3 μg/l (T = 16·50 (s.e. 0·80) v.C = 15·00 (s.e. 0·47) days) or the interval from oestrus to CL regression (T = 18·88 (s.e. 0·79) v.C = 19·90 (s.e. 0·41) days). We conclude that treatment with CIDR 2 days after oestrus successfully increased the availability of P4 to cows without significantly affecting luteal phase characteristics.

scholarly journals Roles of Peritoneal Clearance and Residual Kidney Removal in Control of Uric Acid in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Xiao ◽  
Hongjian Ye ◽  
Chunyan Yi ◽  
Jianxiong Lin ◽  
Yuan Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Dialysis Dose ◽  
Average Glucose Concentration ◽  
Average Glucose

Abstract Background: There have been few systematic studies regarding clearance of uric acid (UA) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study investigated peritoneal UA removal and its influencing factors in patients undergoing PD. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled patients who underwent peritoneal equilibration test and assessment of Kt/V from April 1, 2018 to August 31, 2019. Demographic data and clinical and laboratory parameters were collected, including UA levels in dialysate, blood, and urine. Results: In total, 180 prevalent patients undergoing PD (52.8% men) were included. Compared with the normal serum UA (SUA) group, the hyperuricemia group showed significantly lower peritoneal UA clearance (39.1±6.2 vs. 42.0±8.0 L/week/1.73m2; P=0.008). Furthermore, higher transporters (high or high-average) exhibited greater peritoneal UA clearance, compared with lower transporters (low or low-average) (42.0±7.0 vs. 36.4±5.6 L/week/1.73 m2; P<0.001). Among widely used solute removal indicators, peritoneal creatinine clearance showed the best performance for prediction of higher peritoneal UA clearance in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis [area under curve (AUC) 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-0.99]. Peritoneal UA clearance was independently associated with continuous SUA [standardized coefficient (β), -0.32; 95% CI, -6.42 to -0.75] and hyperuricemia [odds ratio (OR), 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76–0.98] status, only in patients with lower (≤2.74 mL/min/1.73 m2) measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR). In those patients with lower mGFR, lower albumin level (β -0.24; 95%CI -7.26 to -0.99), lower body mass index (β -0.29; 95%CI -0.98 to -0.24), higher transporter status (β 0.24; 95%CI 0.72-5.88) and greater dialysis dose (β 0.24; 95%CI 0.26-3.12) were independently associated with continuous peritoneal UA clearance. Furthermore, each 1kg/m2 decrease in body mass index (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63-0.99), each 1g/dL decrease in albumin level (OR 0.08; 95%CI 0.01-0.47), and each 0.1% increase in average glucose concentration in dialysate (OR 1.56; 95%CI 1.11-2.19) were associated with greater peritoneal UA clearance (>39.8 L/week/1.73m2). Conclusions: For patients undergoing PD who exhibited worse residual kidney function, peritoneal clearance dominated in SUA balance. Increasing dialysis dose or average glucose concentration may aid in controlling hyperuricemia in lower transporters.

The use of GNRH to control follicular development in cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
A.R. Peters ◽  
S.J. Ward ◽  
P.J. Gordon ◽  
G.E. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

Fertility after prostaglandin (PG) may be compromised by the variability in timing of oestrus and ovulation, which are in turn influenced by the ovarian follicular status at the time of injection. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment in the luteal phase a few days before PG can reprogramme and thus synchronise preovulatory follicle development (Wolfenson et al., 1994). A second GnRH treatment can then be given after PG, to further improve the synchrony of ovulation (Pursley et al., 1995). The present experiment was carried out to test the effect of this combined GnRH - PG - GnRH regime on ovarian function and steroid hormone production in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Relationship between metabolic hormones and ovulation of dominant follicle during the first follicular wave post-partum in high-producing dairy cows

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiho Kawashima ◽  
Saori Fukihara ◽  
Mayumi Maeda ◽  
Etsushi Kaneko ◽  
Carlos Amaya Montoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Igf I

Recent studies suggest that IGF-I is a crucial regulatory factor in follicular growth during earlypost-partumperiod. The aim of the present study was to determine in detail the changing profiles of metabolic and reproductive hormones in relation to ovulation of the dominant follicle (DF) of the first follicular wavepost-partumin high-producing dairy cows. Plasma concentrations of related hormones in 22 multiparous Holstein cows were measured from 4 weeks pre-partum to 3 weekspost-partum, and the development of DF was observed with colour Doppler ultrasound. Thirteen cows showed ovulation by 15.2 dayspost-partum. Anovulatory cows showed higher GH and lower IGF-I levels than those in ovulatory cows during the peri-partum period. Each DF developed similarly, and a clear blood flow in the follicle wall was observed despite ovulation or anovulation. In addition, detailed endocrine profiles were analyzed in 9 out of the 22 cows. Five cows showed an increase in plasma oestradiol-17β (E2) with follicular growth followed by E2 peak, LH surge and ovulation. In these cows, plasma IGF-I concentrations remained high until 10 dayspost-partumfollowed by a gradual decrease. Subsequently, the insulin level increased together with the E2 peak towards ovulation. These profiles were not observed in anovulatory cows. In conclusion, our data strongly support the concept that IGF-I and insulin represent ‘metabolic signals’ of the resumption of ovarian functionpost-partumin high-producing dairy cows. Moreover, we provide the first visual evidence that both ovulatory and anovulatory DFs of the first follicular wavepost-partumare similarly supplied with active blood flow.

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