The effect of mixing unfamiliar individuals on the growth and production of finishing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. L. Tan ◽  
D. M. Shackleton ◽  
R. M. Beames
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Food Trough

ABSTRACTThe effect on productivity of mixing finishing pigs from different litters was studied. Two hundred and ten Yorkshire × Landrace pigs of about 76 kg were assigned in groups of six to each of four treatments. In treatment 1, pigs were retained as unmixed littermates while in treatments 2 and 3, three pigs from one litter were mixed with three pigs from another litter. Additionally pigs in treatment 3 were injected with a tranquilizer prior to mixing. In treatment 4, groups of five littermates were introduced into the pen of either a lighter weight or heavier weight pig. All groups were housed in 6·65 m2 partially slatted pens and fed from a communal food trough.Besides promoting aggression and fighting, mixing significantly depressed productivity, and both short-and long-term economic returns. Over the 3-week experimental period the proportional live-weight gains observed in the unmixed pigs over those of the mixed groups, were substantial: 0·099 over the 3: 3 mixed groups, 0·141 over the tranquilizer-treated groups, and 0·127 over the 5: 1 mixed groups. Consequently, mixing would necessitate additional inputs of food, housing, and labour because of the increased days to market.The tranquilizer not only did not eliminate fighting but had a long-term negative effect on production and was thus a contra-indicated expense. Introducing a single pig into a group in an occupied pen also lowered production, as did moving without mixing. However, moving effects were short lived and had minimal negative influences on overall productivity.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Rahardyan Haris Yuswinarto ◽  
Edy Yusuf Agung Gunanto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Dynamic Time

Environmental degradation occurs is influenced by economic growth and the means of transportation that support it, besides that, the population size also affects the occurrence of environmental degradation. This study aims to determine the effect of economic growth, population growth and total of transportation on environmental degradation in short and long term. This research uses dynamic time series autoregressive distribution lag method. The results showed that the gross domestic product (GDP) variable had a significant positive effect in increasing CO2 gas emissions both in the short and long term. The variable amount of transportation has a positive and insignificant effect on the increase in CO2 gas emissions in the short term and has a negative effect in the long term. Meanwhile, population growth variable has a positive and significant effect in the short term and negative and significant in the long term.

scholarly journals The New Wave of Currency Devaluations in Africa – Will the Devalued Birr Help the Coffee Exports?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4.) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Pasztor
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Coffee Sector ◽  
The Impact

Despite the fact that currency devaluations are likely to have a negative effect on the economy in the long run, Ethiopia devalued its national currency, the birr (ETB), by 15 percent in 2017. They turned to this option in the hope of attracting more investments from abroad, decreasing import bills, improving the current account deficit and giving a boost to the exports of the coffee sector. A couple of months later, the impact seems to be promising because the export has been revived in some areas. However, it has to be stressed that the imported commodities may experience a price increase, there can be a widening balance of payments deficit and rising inflation. The paper aims to shed more light on the short- and long-term impacts of currency devaluations in the developing countries with a special emphasis on Ethiopia. Also, the recent Ethiopian measure is to be analyzed in greater detail highlighting the impacts on export earnings, import bills, the balance of payments, and on the overall competitiveness of the coffee sector.

Studies on the intake and utilization of wet feed by calves

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Fitzgerald ◽  
M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYA latin square design with three periods of 3 weeks was used to measure the dry-matter intake, live-weight gain and water intake of 12 British Friesian calves offered an all-concentrate diet ad libitumin wet form. The diets contained 30% (B), 20% (C) or 15% (D) dry matter. A further six calves were given the same diet in dry form (A) throughout the experimental period. Digestibility and nitrogen balance were measured on four calves on each treatment at the end of the experimental period. In addition, two Ayrshire calves, each fitted with a permanent abomasal cannula, were used to study the site of digestion of the feed when given in dry or wet form.The mean dry-matter intakes of the calves given the dry and wet feeds were 75·5 and 80·8 g/kg W0·75 per day respectively and mean daily live-weight gains were 849 g for the calves on both types of feed. The mean dry-matter intakes of the calves given the wet diets were 80·9 (B), 81·2 (C) and 75·5 (D) g/kg W0·75 per day, and the live-weight gains (g/day) were 857 (B), 879 (C) and 812 (D). None of these differences were significant. The intake of water by the calves was significantly increased by reducing the dry-matter content of the diet. The form or dry-matter content of the diet offered had no effect on the digestibility of dry matter (76·1%), organic matter (77·9%), energy (75·8%) or crude protein (75·8%) or on nitrogen retention (32·5% of N intake).The rumen was the main site of digestion for all Tour diets and an average of only 7% of dietary starch passed undigested through the abomasum.

scholarly journals Pricing in M/M/1 queues when cost of waiting in queue differs from cost of waiting in service

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Görkem Sarıyer
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Congested Systems ◽  
Pricing Problems ◽  
Monopolistic Pricing ◽  
To Receive

Service providers can adjust the entrance price to the state of the demand in real life service systems where the customers' decision to receive the service, is based on this price, state of demand and other system parameters. We analyzed service provider's short and long term pricing problems in unobservable M/M/1 queues having the rational customers, where, for customers, the unit cost of waiting in the queue is higher than unit cost of waiting in the service. We showed that waiting in the queue has a clear negative effect on customers’ utilities, hence the service provider's price values. We also showed that, in the short term, monopolistic pricing is optimal for congested systems with high server utilization levels, whereas in the long term, market capturing pricing is more profitable.

scholarly journals The short- and long-term effects of changes of vegetation structure on isopod (Oniscidea) diversity and composition in Mátra Mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Diána Vona-Túri ◽  
Tünde Szmatona-Túri
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the short- and long-term effects of changes in vegetation structure caused by shrub removal and mowing on isopod diversity and composition in Natura 2000 habitats of Mátra Landscape Protection Area. Species richness and isopod diversity increased in the short term as a result of annual changes in vegetation; however, the values of both indices were reduced in the long term. The changes in vegetation structure on a regional scale led to a reduced isopod diversity in the short and long term. The changes in vegetation structure caused alterations in community structure in the long term. We conclude that changes of vegetation structure have a negative effect on species richness and the diversity of isopod communities in the long term.

scholarly journals The Effect of Grass Pasture on the Performance of Slowly Growing Chickens

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Anderle ◽  
Martina Lichovníková ◽  
Pavel Nevrkla ◽  
Lucie Kupčíková
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Effect

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of grass pasture on the performance of slowly growing chickens. Both sexes (72 chickens) of the slowly growing hybrid Hubbard JA 757 were used in the experiment, which was carried out in the summer 2015. The chickens were divided into two groups with six replications. After 34 days of age, half of the chickens were transferred to outdoor fields to the transferable cages (EXP). The second half of chickens stayed in the house in a controlled microclimate condition. The live weight of chickens at 63 days of age was 2.93 kg in the EXP and 3.14 kg in the CON, and there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). However, the live body gain between 34 and 63 days of ages was significantly affected by the pasture (P ≤ 0.01), and it was 2.02 kg in EXP and 2.45 kg in CON. Feed conversion ratio during the experimental period was also significantly different in the groups (P ≤ 0.01), 2.60 in EXP and 1.97 in CON. High average daily temperature 28.7 °C had a main negative effect on the performance of chickens.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of the hymenolepidid cestode Microsomacanthus hopkinsi in its intermediate host, Hyalella azteca: implications for transmission, host fitness, and host populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kokkotis ◽  
J D McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Larval Parasites

Infection by larval parasites can have severe consequences on intermediate hosts that affect transmission, fecundity and fitness of the host, and host population structure. This study examines the pathogenic effects of cysticercoid larvae of the hymenolepidid cestode Microsomacanthus hopkinsi (Schiller, 1951) on its amphipod intermediate host, Hyalella azteca Saussure, 1858. There was a significant, positive relationship between oncosphere consumption, cysticercoid burden, and age in short-term experiments in which groups of H. azteca were exposed individually to single egg packets of M. hopkinsi during instars 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9; however, there was no correlation between oncosphere consumption and the intensity of infection in the amphipod hosts within each instar. The mean number of moults over a 14 day experimental period was significantly less in infected amphipods than in their respective controls. In short-term experiments, the greatest mortality appeared to be limited to amphipods exposed during the earliest instars; little mortality was observed in amphipods exposed during instar 4 or later. Long-term experiments revealed a significant negative effect of infection on the overall life span of both male and female H. azteca exposed individually to a single egg packet during instar 4. Of 72 females infected during instar 4 and provided with mates during instar 6, only 1 and 4 produced broods in instars 8 and 9, respectively, compared with 58 and 57 of 72 control females. Broods produced by infected females were significantly smaller than those of control females. Infected individuals were less likely to mate successfully. The results are discussed in terms of their consequences for transmission, host fitness, and potential effects on host populations.

scholarly journals Online Shopping Malls: Behavioral Impacts of Short- and Long-term Store Loyalty

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Miwa ◽  
Makoto Morisada ◽  
Wirawan D. Dahana
Keyword(s):  
Time Trend ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Store Loyalty ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Purchase Incidence ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term

This study addresses how customers develop loyalty toward focal stores within an online shopping mall, and how this construct affects behavioral mall loyalty in both the short- and long-term. We employ a type II Tobit model to dynamically capture the short- and long-term impacts of store loyalty on purchase incidence and purchase amount. We further embed this model within a model of store loyalty formation to elucidate its driving factors. Applying the models to purchase history data of new customers in an online shopping mall, we observe that store loyalty has an immediate negative effect on purchase incidence; however, given a purchase, this variable increases the purchase amount in the long-term. Additionally, the formation of store loyalty appears to be significantly affected by gender, age, cumulative purchase amount, cumulative purchase frequency, and time trend. We discuss the implications of these findings for mall owners in an effort to increase revenue contribution of their tenants.

scholarly journals Lysine supplementation of barley wet distillers’ solids diets for growing-finishing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja ◽  
Hilkka Siljander-Rasi ◽  
Timo Alaviuhkola ◽  
Asko Rantanen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Soyabean Meal

A growth experiment was conducted to study the effect of different lysine supplementation levels of barley wet distillers’ solids (WDS) diets on the performance and the carcass quality of pigs (25.5-95.5 kg live weight). A total of 160 pigs were divided into four groups of 40 animals. Four pigs of the same sex were placed in each pen and fed one of the four experimental diets; a barley-soyabean meal (SBM) control diet (167 g crude protein (CP) /kg dry matter (DM) and 7.6 g lysine/feed unit (FU)) or three similar barley-WDS diets (204 g CP/kg DM) which were supplemented with synthetic lysine to contain 7.7, 9.2 or 10.7 g lysine/FU. Lysine supplementation linearly improved the daily weight gain (DG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the pigs during growing (1-5 weeks) (p < 0.001), finishing (6th week onward) (p < 0.001) and the whole experimental period (p < 0.001). However, during the whole growing-finishing period the performance of the pigs levelled off at the lysine level of 9.2 g/FU and daily supply of 18.0 g, respectively(quadratic effect: p < 0.05 for DG and p < 0.01 for FCR). The pigs on the SBM diet grew faster and more efficiently than did the pigs on the WDS diets with similar lysine content (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Forecasting of Government Yield Curve in Post-Corona Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Vera Mita Niia ◽  
Hamzah Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Yield Curve ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Speed Of Adjustment ◽  
Bond Yield ◽  
Rate Adjustment ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

The Indonesia government conducts several fiscal strategies to solve Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN)’s deficit due to corona pandemic by relaxation of APBN’s deficit policy, using surplus balance, upsizing loan and bond in domestic and valas currency. Upsizing or issuance a new Indonesian bon called SUN, would increase cost of rate is paid by government and its maturity that impacted to yield curve and risk of SUN. It has inspired this research to (1) investigate the determinant of yield curve due to shocks that occur in Indonesian macroeconomic during the pandemic (2) the impact of the pandemic on SUN’s risk and (3) the forecast of the yield curve in SUN after the pandemic using the VAR / VECM method. The reasearch used secondary data of bond yield from Indonesian Stock Market and imposed the effect of such as inflation, BI Rate, Kurs and foreign exchange that is taken from several sources such as BPS, Central Bank of Indonesia and Bloomberg during 2015 January until 2020 May. This research proves that the five main macroeconomic indicators have an influence in the short and long term on the yield curve.  YIELD, GDP and BIR variables have a significant negative effect in the short term on the yield curve, whereas CPI, KURS and CD have no significant effect. The ECT’s coefficient shows the speed of adjustment towards the long-term balance and the BI Rate adjustment is faster than other variables with an ECT coefficient of 0,33. The estimation results show that the average R-squared is above 55 percent with the highest value of 79,35 percent, this indicates that the equation was formed because the research variables amounted to the R-squared results.

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