Sources of variation in myofibre number within and between litters of pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Dwyer ◽  
N. C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Secondary Fibre

ABSTRACTA study of the determinants of inter- and intra-litter variation in muscle fibre number was carried out on five litters of Large White piglets. Fresh frozen, whole mid-belly sections of m. semitendinosus were stained to demonstrate acid-stable myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity. From these sections it was possible to identify which fibres had developed as primary and which as secondary fibres. Estimations of total muscle fibre number, total primary fibre number and ratio of secondary fibres to primary fibres were made for each animal. Results demonstrated that primary fibre number varied between litters (P<0·01) and was responsible for the variation in total muscle fibre number (P < 005) between litters since there was no significant variation in secondary: primary ratio. Within-litter differences in total fibre number could be attributed to both the secondary: primary ratio and primary fibre number, in almost equal contributions. However, when only the largest and smallest extremes of the litters were compared, variation in fibre number was due to the significant difference in the secondary: primary ratio (P<0·01). Taken as a whole, the results appear to show that primary fibre number is responsible for all the variation in muscle fibre number between litters, and also makes a significant contribution, with secondary: primary fibre ratio, to the variation present within a litter. The factors responsible for variations in primary and secondary fibre numbers are discussed.

Muscle cellularity and birth weight

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Handel ◽  
N. C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Large White ◽  
Number Ratio ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTA study of the effects of low birth weight on muscle cellularity was performed on 48 pedigree Large White pigs selected, from a total of 17 litters, on the basis of their weight at birth. Where possible, the largest male (mean birth weight of 1544 g), smallest male (1135 g), and runt (776 g) littermates were chosen. Fresh frozen, whole mid belly, sections of m. semitendinosus and samples of m. trapezius from each animal were stained for the demonstration of acid pre-incubated myosin adenosine triphosphatase. The use of this stain demonstrated groups of positively stained, slow-contracting, myofibres which were each surrounded by a compliment of negatively stained, fast-contracting, fibres which together constituted ‘metabolic bundles’. The positions of metabolic bundles are indicative of the presence of single primary myofibres in the foetal muscle, all the other myofibres in the metabolic bundles being derived from subsequently formed secondary fibres. Determination of total myofibre number and primary fibre number were made for m. semitendinosus together with an estimation of the secondary to primary fibre-number ratios for both this muscle and for m. trapezius. Low birth weight was associated with a permanently reduced total muscle fibre number, proportionately in the order of 0·19 (P < 0·001) between large and runt littermates. A reduced muscle fibre number was not always associated with low birth weight, but when this was the case it was generated through a reduced secondary to primary fibre-number ratio (P < 0·01). Primary fibre number was not significantly affected in low birth-weight pigs except in extreme cases of runting.

A note on porcine skeletal muscle parameters and their possible use in early progeny testing

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Stickland ◽  
G. Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Fibre Density ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Total Muscle

SUMMARYAn ‘indicator muscle’ (m. flexor digiti V brevis) was removed in its entirety from several Large White and Landrace pigs of varying fat depth (measured over the eye-muscle area). The total muscle fibre number was measured in transverse sections for each muscle. Significant inverse relationships were found between this fibre number and fat depth measurements. These and other results suggest that fibre number is related to lean meat content. Fibre number was also shown to be highly correlated with fibre density and as thinner fibres (i.e. higher fibre density) are associated with more tender meat, fibre number may be associated with quality as well as quantity of meat.

Earnings and Investment Differentials Between Migrants and Natives: A Study of Female Street Vendors in Bengaluru City

2021 ◽  
pp. 097542532199031
Author(s):  
Channamma Kambara ◽  
Indrajit Bairagya
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rate Of Returns

This article explores whether there exists any difference in the earnings of self-employed migrant and native street vendors in a metro city, and if so, in what ways this difference is prominent. In order to accomplish the objective, we have collected data from women street vendors from Bengaluru city. The results depict that although there is no significant difference in the earnings between native and migrant street vendors, a significant difference exists in the size of investments made by them, that is, to earn the same amount of income, migrants need to invest more than natives. Moreover, the results, based on the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method, indicate that the pre-labour market endowment factors do not make a significant contribution to the overall difference in the rate of returns. The difference, instead, mainly exists because of the coefficient differences, which can be attributed to discrimination.

Analysis of the breeding records of a herd of pigs

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
P. M. Clarke ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Large White ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Length Of Gestation

1. A survey and. statistical analysis of the records of litters born in the N.I.R.D. herd of Large White pigs over a period of 16 years are presented.2. The mean length of gestation was 114 days for both gilts and sows.3. The mean numbers of pigs born alive and born dead per litter from gilts, 10·0 and 0·2 respectively, were both significantly smaller than the corresponding figures for sows, 11·8 and O·8. No seasonal differences were found.4. The mean total losses of pigs from birth to weaning at 8 weeks were 29·5% of pigs born alive. The losses in litters from gilts, 23·0%, were significantly smaller than in litters from sows, 31·0%. The losses during the winter months both for gilts, 32·5%, and for sows, 35·9%, were significantly higher than during the summer months, 19·4% and 26·7% for gilts and sows respectively.5. Over 50% of the total losses were due to crushing by the dam, 74·1% of the losses from this cause occurring during the first 48 hr. after birth.6. The mean number of pigs weaned per litter was 8·0. The difference between the number weaned per litter from gilts, 7·7, and per litter from number of pigs was weaned per litter from sows during the summer months, 8·7, than during the winter months, 7·4.7. There was no significant difference between the number of male and of female pigs weaned.8. The mean weight at weaning was 29·9 lb., male pigs, 30·3 lb., being significantly heavier than females, 29·51b. Pigs in litters from gilts, 27·81b., were significantly lighter at weaning than those from sows, 30·0 lb., and for both gilts and sows, pigs reared during the summer months, 29·7 and 31·8 lb. respectively, were significantly heavier than those reared during the winter months, 25·9 and 28·2 lb. respectively.

Intrinsic and extrinsic sources of variation in the diets of harp and hooded seals revealed by fatty acid profiles

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Strahan Tucker ◽  
W. Don Bowen ◽  
Sara J. Iverson ◽  
Garry B. Stenson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Resource Polymorphism ◽  
The North ◽  
Pagophilus Groenlandicus ◽  
Ontogenetic Niche Shifts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Individuals of different age, sex, and morphology are expected to exhibit differences in dietary niches largely owing to sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic niche shifts, and resource polymorphism. Harp ( Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777)) and hooded ( Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777)) seals are geographically overlapping and highly migratory predators in the North Atlantic Ocean. These species differ in their diving behaviour, with hooded seals diving deeper, longer, and more associated with the continental shelf edge and deep ocean than harp seals. We examined blubber fatty acid (FA) composition (N = 37; 93% of total FA by mass) of harp (adults N = 294; juveniles N = 232) and hooded (adults N = 118; juveniles N = 38) seals to test hypotheses about sources of intrinsic (age and sex) and extrinsic (geographic location, season, year) variations in diets. A significant difference in FA profiles suggested dietary segregation between species. We found significant effects of sex and age class on FA profiles, with these being more pronounced in the highly size-dimorphic hooded seals than in harp seals. FA profiles of both species also varied between inshore and offshore sampling locations and between prebreeding and postbreeding periods. Finally, FA profiles of harp seals differed among years, which was coincident with large changes in prey distribution and availability in the mid-1990s.

Abstract WP304: Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Rapidly Reverses Coagulopathy but does not Alter Mortality in Warfarin Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Cai ◽  
Susannah Orzell ◽  
Sarah Suh ◽  
Linda Bresette ◽  
Farzaneh Sorond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Conventional Therapy ◽  
Prothrombin Complex Concentrate ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Fresh Frozen Plasma ◽  
Thromboembolic Complication ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fresh Frozen

INTRODUCTION: Warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (wICH) remains the most lethal form of iatrogenic stroke. Conventional therapy with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and intravenous vitamin K takes up to 30 hrs to normalize the international normalized ratio (INR). Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) does not require cross-match and is fast acting. We hypothesized that PCC can rapidly reverse coagulopathy and reduce mortality in wICH. Methods: We identified 130 consecutive adult wICH patients over five years from a prospectively collected database. 33 patients were excluded for death or withdrawal of care within 48 hours of admission and 8 patients were excluded for antecedent head trauma, leaving 89 patients for analysis. Forty patients received FFP and vitamin K (conventional therapy) and 49 received PCC in addition to conventional therapy. We compared 6-month mortality, time to INR normalization, quantity of FFP transfused, and thromboembolic complication rates between the two groups. We used logistic regression to adjust for important confounders. Results: PCC-treated and conventional therapy patients had similar distributions of age, sex, co-morbidities, ICH location, initial blood pressure and INR. PCC-treated patients had a higher incidence of intraventicular hemorrhage (IVH) (67% vs 33%). PCC-treated patients required less FFP (mean 6.8 units vs 3.3 units, p<0.0001) and had faster time to INR normalization (mean 3.8 hrs vs 9.8 hrs, p<0.0001). Incidence of ICH expansion was low in both groups. There was no difference in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (p=0.236) or troponin elevation (p=0.573). There was no significant difference in 6-month mortality (p=0.437) after adjusting for age, ICH location, ICH volume, and presence of IVH. Conclusions: PCC use in wICH was associated with shorter time to INR normalization and reduced FFP transfusion but was not associated with 6-month mortality in this cohort. There was no difference in thromboembolic complication rates between PCC-treated and FFP and vitamin K treated patients. Prospective trials of PCC are necessary to determine if its use can improve morbidity and mortality in wICH and to identify potential subgroups of wICH patients who may benefit from PCC.

Clinical evaluation of two adult oxygenator systems in terms of mortality and major adverse events

Perfusion ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026765912110638
Author(s):  
Hüsnü Kamil Limandal ◽  
Mehmet Ali Kayğın ◽  
Servet Ergün ◽  
Taha Özkara ◽  
Mevriye Serpil Diler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Fresh Frozen Plasma ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Delayed Sternal Closure ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Major Adverse Events

Purpose The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of two oxygenator systems on major adverse events and mortality. Methods A total of 181 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in our clinic were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the oxygenator used: Group M, in which a Medtronic Affinity (Medtronic Operational Headquarters, Minneapolis, MN, USA) oxygenator was used, and Group S, in which a Sorin Inspire (Sorin Group Italia, Mirandola, Italy) oxygenator was used. Results Group S consisted of 89 patients, whereas Group M included 92 patients. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of age ( p = .112), weight ( p = .465), body surface area ( p = .956), or gender ( p = .484). There was no statistically significant difference in hemorrhage on the first or second postoperative day ( p = .318 and p = .455, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed in terms of red blood cell ( p = .468), fresh frozen plasma ( p = .116), or platelet concentrate transfusion ( p = .212). Infections, wound complications, and delayed sternal closure were significantly more common in Group M ( p = .006, p = .023, and p = .019, respectively). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenators and intra-aortic balloon pumps were required significantly more frequently in Group S ( p = .025 and p = .013, respectively). Major adverse events occurred in 16 (18%) patients in Group S and 14 (15.2%) patients in Group M ( p = .382). Mortality was observed in six (6.7%) patients in Group S and three (3.3%) patients in Group M ( p = .232). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of length of hospital stay ( p = .451). Conclusion The clinical outcomes of the two oxygenator systems, including mortality, major adverse events, hemorrhage, erythrocyte and platelet transfusions, and length of hospital stay, were similar.

Effect of season and dietary fibre on feeding behaviour of lactating sows in a tropical climate

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Renaudeau ◽  
J.-L. Weisbecker ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Hot Season

AbstractTwenty-seven multiparous Large White sows were used to determine the effect of season in a tropical climate and dietary fibre on their feeding behaviour during lactation. The experiment was conducted in Guadeloupe (French West Indies, latitude 16°N, longitude 61°W) between October 1999 and January 2001; climatic conditions in the farrowing room were equivalent to outdoor conditions. Two seasons were determined a posteriori from climatic criteria recorded continuously in the farrowing room. During the warm season, ambient temperature and relative humidity averaged 25°C and 0·868, respectively. The corresponding values for the hot season were 27·5°C and 0·835. Experimental diets offered during lactation were a control diet (C; 140 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) per kg) and a high fibre diet (HF; 200 g NDF per kg). Sows were offered food ad libitum between the 6th and the 27th day of lactation. Daily food intake between day 6 and day 27 decreased during the hot season (P < 0·001; 3226 v. 5571 g/d during the warm season). This was achieved by a reduction of both meal size (P < 0·05; 460 v. 718 g per meal) and ingestion and consumption time (P < 0·01; -11·1 and -15·3 min/day, respectively) whereas the number of meals remained constant (8·4 meals per day on average). During warm season, hourly food intake peaked twice daily near sunrise and sunset. During the hot season, peaks were attenuated and food intake was reduced during the hotter periods of the day and increased during the fresher period of the day, especially in early morning. As a result the diurnal partition of food intake was significantly affected by season; proportionately 0·62 and 0·47 of total food intake occurred during the day in warm and in hot seasons, respectively. Standing duration averaged 138 min/ day with no significant difference between seasons. Feeding behaviour criteria were not influenced by diet composition. In conclusion, the season in a humid tropical climate significantly affects the feeding behaviour of lactating sows.

scholarly journals Effects of cooling on the reproductive performance of gilts

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Author(s):  
J.O. Oyedeji ◽  
G.O. Imagbenikaro
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance

The study examined the effect of cooling on the reproductive performance of gilts using 27 Large White Experimental Gilts on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 systems of cooling, namely Wallow Cooling (WC), Sprinkler Cooling (SC) and Zero Cooling (ZC). Gilts were weighed at the commencement of the experiment and thereafter fed ad libitum from service to farrowing. Feed intake till farrow, feed cost, gilt weight at farrow, date of farrow, litter size and weight were recorded. The feed/piglet weight, feed intake/litter, feed cost/litter and birth weight/piglet were derived. The results showed that feed intake per litter and feed per piglet weight were highest for gilts placed on WC(P< 0.05), followed by SC and least for sow placed on ZC; gilt weight before farrow was highest for sow placed on SC (69.78±0.92), followed by ZC (69.33±0.94) and least for gilts placed on WC (67.33±0.87); litter sizes of gilts placed under the WC and SC systems were similar (5.6±0.41) while that under the ZC system was comparatively smaller (5.4±0.40);while the date of farrow was lowest in the ZC system (113.8±0.32) followed by SC (114.0±0.33) and highest under the WC (114.1±0.33). However, the feed intake per litter, feed per piglet weight, litter sizes of gilts, birth weight per piglet of gilts and the average date of farrow among gilts placed on WC, SC and ZC were not statistically different at 5% level of significance. Though, there is no significant difference in the performance among gilts placed on WC, SC and ZC, temperature regulation through provision of efficient cooling system in piggery would help to increase litter size, improve feed intake per litter and reduce the average cost of feeding gilt per day in maximizing reproductive performances in pigs.Keywords: Cooling, gilts, service, farrow, piggery, litter size, piglet and birth weight

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF MODERN COMMERCIAL PORK PRODUCTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Garmatyk ◽  
R. Susol ◽  
M. Broshkov ◽  
O. Danchuk ◽  
Ih. Panikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristic ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Large White ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Cooking Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exudative Meat ◽  
Terminal Sire

By a morphological study of carcasses of young pig stock of different origin, it has been proved that up-to-date crossbreeding schemes using meat-type breeds as parents increase the percentage of meat in a carcass and optimise the lean-to-fat ratio. Physicochemical analysis of pork obtained from pigs of different breeds has shown that all the parameters investigated are within the current physiological standards. Most parameters have shown no significant difference, though tend to exhibit some peculiarities associated with the effect of a genotype on how this or that physicochemical characteristic manifests itself. The use of the Piétrain breed as the sire line decreases the intramuscular fat content, and hence the calorific value of pork. The back fat of this breed has the highest melting point, which indicates its high storability, but somewhat lower cooking properties than those of similar products obtained from offspring of Large White and Landrace parents. The pH and water-holding capacity of the pork of Piétrain-sired offspring make it quite similar to PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) meat: this pork is slightly less tender and paler in colour and exhibits greater weight loss during thermal processing. Also, the result of a comprehensive sensory evaluation of boiled pork and pork broth obtained from Piétrain-sired young stock was the lowest, which is consistent with most of the physicochemical properties of pork from pigs of this genotype. So, it is the 75% purebred Landrace that should be favoured as a terminal sire line in crossbreeding programmes in order to obtain pork and bacon of improved quality in intensive commercial swine production systems. It is recommended to combine Piétrain and Duroc lines to produce terminal sires, ½ (Piétrain + Duroc), that will be further mated with two-breed-cross dams – ½ (Large White + Landrace).

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