Body size and conformation in identical twin cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
W. C. Rollins
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Identical Twin ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Linear Body

SUMMARYThe variation and covariation of 12 linear body measurements within 60 pairs of monozygotic twin heifers is analysed in terms of a twin's mean size over a two-year period.Possibly all the covariation, and two thirds, on average, of the variation can be accounted for by a single factor common to all the measurements.Interpretation of this factor shows that a twin is a more or less proportional replicate of its identical co-twin. This proportionality, however, is somewhat distorted because of relatively greater differences in the later maturing body parts.Finally it is shown that the predominant differences in both size and shape can simultaneously be described as twin lagging behind identical co-twin by 0±11·8 days' growth.

Body size and conformation in sheep from birth to maturity as affected by breed, crossbreeding, maternal and other factors

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wiener ◽  
Susan Hayter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Residual Correlations ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Linear Body ◽  
Birth Type

SUMMARYBody weight was studied from birth to 5½ years of age and six linear measures of body size from birth to 4¼ years for sheep of five breeds, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot, Welsh Mountain, Lincoln Longwool and Southdown, and of crosses of these breeds with each other and with the Tasmanian Merino, but not in all possible combinations. The sheep were run as a single flock. Numbers ranged from 753 at birth to 150 at the end of the experimental period.There were marked differences among the breeds and crosses in all aspects of body size and some differences in rate of maturity. They also differed in conformation independently of body weight. Crosses of the hill breeds with the Lincoln and probably with the Southdown were heavier than the average of the parental breeds and larger in some linear body measurements from about weaning onwards. The weights of crosses of Blackface and Cheviot with Lincoln eventually exceeded those of the heavier parent of the cross. For the crosses among the three hill breeds only the Blackface Cheviot cross showed significant deviations from mid-parent values for weight and size.Maternal effects were important for all traits studied from birth to weaning and for weight up to a year old. In relation to mature size, Welsh dams produced the biggest and Lincoln the smallest lambs. The data did not permit Southdown maternal effects to be estimated. The effects of birth type and rearing were apparent for late maturing body parts up to a year old and for weight up to 3 years. Males, measured only from birth to weaning, were heavier and generally larger than females.Residual correlations between the various measures of size varied from 0·1 to 0·7.

scholarly journals Bobot Badan dan Karakteristik Morfometrik Beberapa Galur Ayam Lokal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Asa Bela Sri Reformasi Nala Putri ◽  
Gushairiyanto Gushairiyanto ◽  
Depison Depison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Pubic Bone ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Tibia Length

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bobot badan dan karakteristik morfometrik beberapa galur ayam lokal. Materi penelitian ini adalah ayam kampung super, ayam kampung unggul balitnak (KUB), dan ayam kampung masing-masing sebanyak 82 ekor. Data yang dihimpun adalah bobot badan, panjang paruh, lebar paruh, panjang kepala, lingkar kepala, tinggi kepala, panjang leher, lingkar leher, panjang sayap, panjang punggung, tinggi punggung, panjang dada, lebar dada, panjang shank, lingkar shank, panjang tibia, lingkar tibia, panjang jari ketiga dan jarak antara tulang pubis. Data bobot badan dan ukuran-ukuran tubuh dianalisis menggunakan uji-t  sedangkan vektor nilai rata-rata ukuran-ukuran tubuh dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji T2-Hotelling. Analisis komponen utama digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi penciri ukuran  dan bentuk tubuh ayam lokal.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bobot bahwa bobot badan ayam kampung Super (837,98±68,97 g) berbeda nyata dengan ayam KUB (713,15±66,75 g) dan ayam kampung (605,53±80,01 g). Secara umum ayam kampung super memiliki morfometrik yang relatif lebih tinggi daripada ayam KUB dan ayam kampung. Penciri ukuran tubuh ayam kampung super dan ayam KUB adalah panjang tibia, sedangkan ayam kampung adalah lebar dada. Penciri bentuk tubuh ayam kampung super adalah lebar dada, sedangkan ayam KUB dan ayam kampung adalah panjang punggung. Disimpulkan bahwa bobot badan dan morfometrik tertinggi ditemukan pada ayam kampung super, disusul ayam KUB dan ayam kampung. Ayam kampung Super dan ayam KUB memiliki penciri ukuran tubuh (panjang tibia) yang berbeda dengan ayam kampung (lebar dada). Ayam kampung super memiliki penciri bentuk tubuh (lebar dada) yang berbeda dengan ayam KUB dan ayam kampung (panjang punggung).Kata Kunci: ayam lokal, bobot badan, karakteristk morfometrikABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the bodyweight and morphometric characteristics of several local chicken strains. The research material were three strains of native chicken: kampong super chicken, kampung unggul balitnak (KUB) chicken, and kampung chicken, each strains consisted of 82 heads. Data collection on body weight and morphometric characteristics were performed at 2 months of age. Data collected includes: body weight and morphometric characteristics which include beak length, beak width, head length, head circumference, head height, neck length, neck circumference, wing length, back length, back height, chest length, chest width, shank length, shank circumference, tibia length, tibia circumference, third finger length and pubic bone distance. Data collected were analyzed using t-test to determine differences in body weight and body measurements between chicken strains. Average value vector of chicken body measurements was analyzed using T2-Hotelling statistical test. Principal component analysis statistical test was used to identify the shape and size characteristics of each chicken strain. Data processing was assisted by using Minitab statistical software version 18. Results of this study showed that kampong super chicken has best bodyweight and body weight gain among other strains. The identifier of body size and shape of kampong super chicken were tibia length and breast width. The identifier of body size and shape of KUB chicken were tibia length and back length, while the identifier of body size and shape of the kampung chicken were chest width and back length. Keywords: body weight, native chicken, morphometric characteristic

Genetic correlation during growth of twin cattle

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
Jean Craig
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Linear Body

SUMMARYAll possible inter-age genetic correlations were calculated for each of twelve linear body measurements taken at 3-monthly intervals up to 2 years of age on 120 pairs of uniformly reared, liberally fed one-egg and two-egg twin dairy heifers. Genetic correlations between first and second-year mean size are also given. The influences of age, age interval, degree of maturity and body part on genetic correlation are examined.Genetic correlation was in general very high. No significant difference was found between body parts in mean genetic correlation over the period studied. For a fixed age interval, genetic correlation increased with age; from a fixed age, it decreased with lengthening age-interval.The main systematic trends found in the data were accounted for in terms of the amount of development taking place. Genetic correlation appeared to decrease exponentially with difference in degree of maturity, and a formula is given for calculating an approximate value for the expected genetic correlation between size at any two ages. Its range of applicability and its place in a general study of the genetic properties of a population of growth curves are discussed.

Identical twins and developmental stability

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curves ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Stability Of Development ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Slow Growing

1. The stability with which dairy cattle develop in body size up to 2 years of age was studied in 60 pairs of uniformly treated identical twins, i.e. an assessment was made of the influence of season, genotype, mean size of twin pair, age and degree of maturity on the level of within-pair variability.2. The frequency distributions of size differences shown by one-egg twins were in many cases decidedly leptokurtic.3. The similarity in size of the identical twins studied was only slightly, if at all, influenced by season. Within-pair variability under free outdoor grazing was certainly not any greater than under semi-controlled conditions indoors.4. The stability with which cattle grew appeared to depend on their genotype. Identical twins of the Shorthorn breed were somewhat more alike in size than were the twins of other breed-types; crossbreds were, on average, 50 % less stable than purebreds in average size () ; although crossbreds grew with somewhat greater stability ().5. Whatever their mean size, all pairs of identical twins of the same breed appeared to grow postnatally with more or less equal stability (). Small, slow growing pairs showed a greater disparity in average size ().6. Stability of development continually changed with age but not violently. Each body measurement appeared to have its own characteristic age trend. It is false to believe that variation automatically increases with increasing age. As they grew older, identical twins tended to become less alike in their later maturing body measurements whereas their early maturing body measurements tended to decline in variability. There was an overall trend with degree of maturity; variability steadily increased to a maximum and subsequently declined.7. It is suggested that environmentally induced instability of development may remain at a minimum level so long as growth curves are not seriously distorted from their exponential path to maturity.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of body size and shape of Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián P. Luque ◽  
Edward H. Miller ◽  
John P.Y. Arnould ◽  
Magaly Chambellant ◽  
Christophe Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Lactation Duration

Pre- and post-weaning functional demands on body size and shape of mammals are often in conflict, especially in species where weaning involves a change of habitat. Compared with long lactations, brief lactations are expected to be associated with fast rates of development and attainment of adult traits. We describe allometry and growth for several morphological traits in two closely related fur seal species with large differences in lactation duration at a sympatric site. Longitudinal data were collected from Antarctic ( Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875); 120 d lactation) and subantarctic ( Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872); 300 d lactation) fur seals. Body mass was similar in neonates of both species, but A. gazella neonates were longer, less voluminous, and had larger foreflippers. The species were similar in rate of preweaning growth in body mass, but growth rates of linear variables were faster for A. gazella pups. Consequently, neonatal differences in body shape increased over lactation, and A. gazella pups approached adult body shape faster than did A. tropicalis pups. Our results indicate that preweaning growth is associated with significant changes in body shape, involving the acquisition of a longer, more slender body with larger foreflippers in A. gazella. These differences suggest that A. gazella pups are physically more mature at approximately 100 d of age (close to weaning age) than A. tropicalis pups of the same age.

scholarly journals Influence of Lifestyle Aspects on the Association of Body Size and Shape with All-Cause Mortality in Middle-Aged Men and Women

Obesity Facts ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Bigaard ◽  
Jane Christensen ◽  
Anne Tjønneland ◽  
Birthe Lykke Thomsen ◽  
Kim Overvad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Variation during growth of twin cattle

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
Jean Craig
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Genetic Variances ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Degree Of Maturity

Phenotypic variances within pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twin heifers and also genetic variances and heritabilities were calculated for 12 linear body measurements at a sequence of eight ages up to two years old. The 60 pairs of fraternal and 60 pairs of identical twins used were reared as part of a larger uniformity trial in which feeding was effectively ad libitum throughout.Size differences between members of DZ twin pairs were found to be approximately normally distributed with about the same variance for all breeds and crosses. The variance within DZ pairs increased strongly with age, with a marked increase between 9 and 12 months of age and with most body measurements showing a broadly similar trend. On a logarithmic scale DZ variances increased roughly linearly with degree of maturity and at about the same rate in each body measurement. Coefficients of variation within DZ pairs corrected for measuring error had an average value of 2%. They did not change greatly with age, and were roughly the same for most body measurements although width measurements tended to be more variable than average.Coefficients of variation within MZ pairs had a corresponding overall average of 1·4%; they declined rapidly with age from 2·0% to 1·1%, were roughly the same for all body measurements, but at early ages tended to be greater in late than in early maturing body parts. However, they showed no association with the earliness of maturing of a body part provided variation was measured at the same degree of maturity for each body part.Genetic variation increased rapidly with age in all body measurements. The rate of increase with age was greater for late than for early maturing parts. The rate of increase with degree of maturity, however, was about the same for all body measurements. Coefficients of genetic variation increased slowly with age; they had an average value of 1·6%.Estimates of heritability are given at a sequence of eight ages for each of 12 body measurements. They increased strongly with age from 0·14 on average at three months of age to 0·67 on average at two years of age. At any fixed age, early maturing body parts tended to have higher heritabilities than later maturing body parts. However, if heritability was measured at the same degree of maturity in each body part, early and late maturing parts had about equal heritabilities.The present results are compared with those obtained from twin cattle studies in New Zealand, Sweden and Wisconsin, U.S.A.Inferences from twins about genetic variances and heritabilities for unrelated animals are discussed.

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