Factors affecting the fractional outflow of protein supplements from the rumen 3. Effects of frequency of feeding, intake of water induced by the addition of sodium chloride, and the particle size of protein supplements

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Elimam ◽  
E. R. Ørskov

ABSTRACTFour experiments were conducted with lactating dairy cows offered a hay and concentrate diet (0·5:0·5) to investigate the effects of (1) the frequency of feeding a completely mixed diet (experiment 1) compared with feeding the concentrate fraction and the roughage fraction separately (experiment 2), and (2) the addition of sodium chloride to a completely mixed diet (experiment 3), on the fractional rate of outflow (FRO) of chromium (Cr)-treated fish meal from the rumen, and on milk yield and composition. The cows were offered the diet at either twice the maintenance requirement (experiments 1 and 2), or 2-5 x maintenance (experiment 3) in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. The effect of the particle size of the Cr-treated soya bean meal was investigated in experiment 4.The frequency of feeding of the completely mixed diet had no significant effect on the rate of outflow of Cr-treated fish meal from the rumen, or on milk yield or composition. FRO per h were 0·070, 0·085, 0·079 and 0·086 when the diet was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively. Increasing the frequency of feeding of the concentrate fraction of the diet had no significant effect on FRO. FRO per h were 0·073, 0·078, 0·081 and 0·081 when the concentrate fraction was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively.The addition of NaCl to the diet significantly increased water intake (P < 0·001), but had no significant effects on FRO or milk yield. FRO per h were 0·074, 0·075, 0·076 and 0080 when 50, 265, 529 or 794 g of NaCl were added into the diet respectively. The respective intakes of water were 66·6, 74·1, 88·4 and 101·6 kg/day.The FRO per h of fine particles of Cr-treated soya bean meal was 0·085 and for coarse particles, 0·096. The difference was not significant.

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Eliman ◽  
E. R. Ørskov

ABSTRACT1. Two experiments were conducted with four sheep and four lactating Friesian cows to investigate the effect of food intake on the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. Protein supplements treated with sodium dichromate were used.2. Dichromate treatment had little or no effect on particle size distribution or density of the protein supplements. The dichromate-treated proteins were rendered completely undegradable in the rumen and the rate of outflow of chromium-treated protein from the rumen was estimated from the concentrations of chromium recovered in the faeces.3. There were highly significant linear effects of feeding level on fractional outflow rate per h of chromium-treated protein supplements from the rumen of sheep and cows. Fractional outflow rates of chromium-treated fish meal and soya-bean meal, respectively, from the rumen of sheep were 0·0080 and 0·0076; 0·0182 and 0·0259; 0·0319 and 0·0335; and 0·0383 and 0·0385 per h at 0·2, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·0 times the energy requirements for maintenance, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two tested chromium-treated protein supplements in fractional outflow rates per h when the particle size was similar, nor any difference in particle size or density. Soya-bean meal was ground to achieve a particle size distribution similar to that of fish meal. For the dairy cows, the fractional outflow rates of fish meal from the rumen were 0·065, 0·072, 0·091 and 0·088 per h, at 1·5, 2·0, 2·5 and 3·0 times the energy requirements for maintenance.4. There were significant differences between sheep in fractional outflow rates per h of protein supplements from the rumen due to the considerably higher values obtained for one animal.


1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher

ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.


1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou ◽  
E. Georghiades ◽  
A. Koumas

AbstractTwo trials, one with 36 twin-suckling Chios ewes and the other with 32 twin-suckling Damascus goats, were conducted to study the effect of protein source (fish meal v. soya-bean meal) on the pre-weaning milk yield of the dams, and the growth performance of their offspring. The control (C) concentrate mixture was similar in both trials, using soya-bean meal (SBM) (195 kg/t) as a source of supplemental protein. In the experimental diet (FME) of the ewe trial, SBM was replaced completely by fish meal (FM) whereas in the goat trial (FMG) 83 kg of SBM were replaced by 50 kg FM. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of the three isonitrogenous mixtures were measured using nylon bags incubated in the rumens (2, 6, 16, 24 and 32 h) of three Damascus goats. There were no significant differences between mixtures for DM and CP effective degradability at 005 per h outflow rate. At 0·08 per h outflow rate however, lower degradability values were obtained with the FME than with the C diet. There were differences in the effective CP degradability of SBM and FM used in the ewe trial, but the FM used in the goat trial was of higher CP degradability and similar to that of SBM. Ewes on FM produced more milk than those on the control diet (C 3·44 v. FME 3·84 kg/day), whereas milk yield of goats was similar in the two treatments (C 3·87 v. FMG 3·82 kg/day). There were no differences between treatments for ewe milk fat (C 44 v. FME 43 g/kg) or protein concentration (C 54 v. FME 53 g/kg). Goats on fish meal (FMG) produced milk of higher protein (C 37 v. FMG 40 g/kg), but of similar fat (C 42 v. FMG 43 g/kg) concentration to those on the SBM (C) diet. With the exception of the better conversion (milk: gain ratio) efficiency (C 5·17 v. FME 4·44) of male lambs sucking ewes on the FM diet, no other differences were observed in the performance of lambs or kids. Lambs consumed less milk than kids (lambs: males 4·69, females 5·13; kids: males 6·63, females 6·98) per unit of weight gain.


1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
A. G. Low ◽  
J. J. Matte

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative nutritional value of rapeseed meal (var. Tandem) in comparison with soya-bean meal and fish meal, seven barley-based diets were formulated to provide 13·1 MJ digestible energy and 8·8 g total lysine per kg. They contained soya-bean meal (S), rapeseed meal (R) or fish meal (F) alone, or equal proportions (on a total nitrogen basis) of soya and rapeseed, soya and fish meal, rapeseed and fish meal or soya, rapeseed and fish meal. The study involved 14 pigs growing from 40 to 90 kg, each fitted with a T cannula in the terminal ileum. Dietary treatments were applied during 7-day periods according to a 7 × 7 Latin-square design, replicated twice. The pigs were fed at 12-h intervals. Ileal digesta were collected during two 12-h periods from each pig after adaptation to each diet. Nutrient apparent digestibilities were measured using chromium III oxide as a marker; for diets S, R and F, respectively, values were: dry matter, 0·58, 0·51 and 0·66 (s.e. 0·014); N, 0·72, 0·67 and 0·73 (s.e. 0·011); lysine, 0·79, 0·72 and 0·83 (s.e. 0·010), with a similar relationship between diets for most other amino acids. In general, values for diets containing combinations of the protein supplements were intermediate between those for diets containing the respective single supplements. Following the main trial, seven pigs were given a semi-purified diet containing rapeseed meal as the only protein source; this gave amino acid digestibility values similar to or slightly higher than diet R. Diet R, which contained 375 g rapeseed meal per kg, presented no palatability problem. Rapeseed meal of the quality used in this trial could contribute a substantial proportion of the protein supplement for growing pigs. Its value should be enhanced by formulating diets according to the ileal digestibility of the limiting amino acids.


1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse

1. Sixteen lambs were used to compare two methods of administering various protein supplements to weaned lambs. In one method the protein supplement was mixed with the dry feed, consisting mainly of rolled barley, so that it passed to the rumen. In the second method the supplement was suspended in water which the lambs were trained to suck from a bottle; the suspension then passed directly to the abomasum by way of the oesophageal groove and so escaped rumen fermentation.2. When the protein supplements were given in amounts that provided less than the estimated protein requirement of the animals, giving the liquid suspension led to significantly lower urinary nitrogen excretion (P < 0.001), greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05) and greater live-weight gain (0.05<P<0.1) than giving the feed in the dry form.3. The body-weight gain was greater with white fish meal than with casein (P<0.05) and soya-bean meal (P<0.001), whichever method of feeding was adopted. There was no significant interaction between method of feeding and protein source, but the faecal nitrogen excretion was highest when soya-bean meal was given in liquid suspension.4. From a regression of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake with lambs receiving the basal ration only, it was calculated that the improvement in retention of the protein supplement effected by giving it in liquid suspension was 31 % for casein, 27 % for fish meal and 24 % for soya-bean meal.


1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
M. Lainez ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
J. A. Guada

AbstractTwo experiments are described in which growing lambs were offered ad libitum two concentrate pelleted diets containing 60 (diet C) or 230 (diet D) g/kg barley straw.In the first experiment, eight male and eight female lambs were used to determine the outflow rate from the rumen of chromium-mordanted fish meal and soya-bean meal, estimated from faecal marker excretion. Diet D promoted a higher rumen outflow rate (0·0769 per h) than diet C (0·0486 per h); no differences were found either between sexes or between Cr-mordanted protein supplements.In the second experiment, the rumen degradation of fish meal, soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, pea seeds and sweet lupin seeds was studied by incubating the supplements in polyester bags in the rumens of four lambs, following a change-over design. Increasing the proportion of straw to 230 g/kg increased the rate of nitrogen disappearance from all vegetable supplements, the differences being significant only for pea seeds.When degradation kinetics and outflow rates were considered together, effective nitrogen degradability of protein supplements was reduced by the increased proportion of dietary straw, indicating a greater influence of rumen outflow rate than of the increased rate of microbial degradation.


1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Davies

Energy intake and nitrogen balance studies have been conducted on 12 lambs fed ad libitum on four all-concentrate diets of equal crude-protein content in an experiment of latin square design. Each diet contained one cereal, either barley or oats and one protein supplement, either white-fish meal or soya bean meal.Protein supplements had no influence on energy intake, but intake was significantly higher when the lambs were given barley rather than oat diets.There were highly significant differences in the degree of utilization of digested nitrogen between diets containing fish meal and soya bean meal, and between diets containing barley and oats.The energy: nitrogen ratio of urine was inversely related to the proportion of urinary nitrogen present as urea and directly related to the degree of utilization of digested nitrogen.


1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
I. C. Hart ◽  
J. A. Bines

1. Seven Friesian heifers in mid-lactation were used in an experiment to measure the effects of including casein, formaldehyde-treated casein or formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal in the diet on performance and on the concentrations of certain metabolites and hormones in the blood.2. Milk yield and the concentration of fat, protein and lactose in milk were not affected by the treatments.3. The concentration of growth hormone (GH) in jugular venous blood was higher with both formaldehyde-treated proteins than it was with untreated casein (P< 0·05). Diet had no effect on insulin, prolactin or thyroxine concentrations in blood.4. Urea concentration tended to be higher and non-esterified fatty acids lower in blood from heifers offered the diet containing untreated casein, but these differences were not statistically significant. Blood glucose concentration was not affected by dietary treatment.5. It was concluded that blood GH concentration can be increased by offering protein supplements which will increase total amino acid supply to the intestines in lactating cattle. This appears to be a direct effect on GH status independent of effects on milk yield.


1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for growing beef cattle offered grass silage ad libitum. In each experiment, well preserved grass silage (116 and 119 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 69 and 76 g ammonia-N per kg total N in experiments 1 and 2 respectively) was supplemented with (1) barley (107 g CP per kg DM), (2) barley/soya-bean meal (224 g CP per kg DM), (3) barley/sunflower meal (223 g CP per kg DM) and (4) barley/fish meal (218 g CP per kg DM). Each of the supplements was offered at a rate of 1·3 kg per head daily to 32 British Friesian castrated male cattle (mean initial live weight 334 kg) n i each experiment. The treatments were imposed for 118 and 134 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively and the animals were slaughtered 8 months after the end of the treatment periods. On average over the two experiments for supplements 1 to 4 respectively, silage DM intakes were 6·2, 6·3, 6·3 and 6·2 (s.e. 0·053) kg/day; live-weight gains 0·69, 0·78, 0·71 and 0·80 (s.e. 0·039) kg/day; carcass weights 375, 377, 377 and 374 (s.e. 8·1) kg, carcass fat classification (1 = leanest, 5 = fattest); 3·5, 3·5, 3·4 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·14) and areas of m. longissimus dorsi 19·8, 19·9, 19·7 and 19·3 (s.e. 0·66) mnv/kg carcass weight. It is concluded that when part of a barley supplement given in addition to well preserved grass silage was replaced with soya-bean, sunflower or fish meals, silage intake was not affected. The inclusion of fish meal in the diet increased live-weight gain by HOg/day and the response to soya-bean meal was 0·78 of the response to fish meal per unit of crude protein. Sunflower meal did not affect performance. The treatments did not affect carcass weight or fatness 8 months after the end of the treatment periods.


1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie ◽  
J. F. Calderon Cortes ◽  
J. L. Thompson

ABSTRACTFour experiments were made during early lactation on individually penned Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes, each suckling two lambs. In Experiment 1, 14 ewes of mean body weight 74 ± 2·4 kg received daily, 1·9 kg dry matter, 20 MJ of metabolizable energy and 300 g of crude protein from a diet (H) containing hay, barley and fish meal. Reduction of the daily crude protein intake of half the ewes to 225 g by replacing fish meal with barley (diet L) in week 2 of lactation resulted in a decrease (P< 0·01) in daily milk yield of 0·53 kg (17%) compared with no change for ewes remaining on diet H. The effect was reversed by returning the ewes to diet H at the end of week 3. In Experiment 2 the use of four ewes fitted with abomasal cannulae showed that the additional non-ammonia nitrogen reaching the abomasum when fish meal was given was used with an efficiency of 0·51 for the production of milk nitrogen. In Experiment 3, involving 20 ewes, a restriction in protein intake for more than 10 days in early lactation by replacing the fish meal with barley depressed subsequent milk yield. In Experiment 4, 24 ewes were given either fish meal, soya bean meal or groundnut meal as protein supplements. In early lactation fish meal was superior by 0·40 and 0·43 kg of milk per day to soya bean meal and groundnut meal respectively, and this was attributed to the greater quantity of non-ammonia nitrogen reaching the abomasum in the fish meal compared with the soya bean meal and groundnut meal supplements. The commercial significance of the results is discussed.


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