Responses of lactating ewes, offered fresh herbage indoors and when grazing, to supplements containing differing protein concentrations

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.

Factors affecting the fractional outflow of protein supplements from the rumen 3. Effects of frequency of feeding, intake of water induced by the addition of sodium chloride, and the particle size of protein supplements

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Elimam ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFour experiments were conducted with lactating dairy cows offered a hay and concentrate diet (0·5:0·5) to investigate the effects of (1) the frequency of feeding a completely mixed diet (experiment 1) compared with feeding the concentrate fraction and the roughage fraction separately (experiment 2), and (2) the addition of sodium chloride to a completely mixed diet (experiment 3), on the fractional rate of outflow (FRO) of chromium (Cr)-treated fish meal from the rumen, and on milk yield and composition. The cows were offered the diet at either twice the maintenance requirement (experiments 1 and 2), or 2-5 x maintenance (experiment 3) in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. The effect of the particle size of the Cr-treated soya bean meal was investigated in experiment 4.The frequency of feeding of the completely mixed diet had no significant effect on the rate of outflow of Cr-treated fish meal from the rumen, or on milk yield or composition. FRO per h were 0·070, 0·085, 0·079 and 0·086 when the diet was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively. Increasing the frequency of feeding of the concentrate fraction of the diet had no significant effect on FRO. FRO per h were 0·073, 0·078, 0·081 and 0·081 when the concentrate fraction was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively.The addition of NaCl to the diet significantly increased water intake (P < 0·001), but had no significant effects on FRO or milk yield. FRO per h were 0·074, 0·075, 0·076 and 0080 when 50, 265, 529 or 794 g of NaCl were added into the diet respectively. The respective intakes of water were 66·6, 74·1, 88·4 and 101·6 kg/day.The FRO per h of fine particles of Cr-treated soya bean meal was 0·085 and for coarse particles, 0·096. The difference was not significant.

Double-low rapeseed meal for pigs: ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids in diets containing various proportions of rapeseed meal, fish meal and soya-bean meal

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
A. G. Low ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative nutritional value of rapeseed meal (var. Tandem) in comparison with soya-bean meal and fish meal, seven barley-based diets were formulated to provide 13·1 MJ digestible energy and 8·8 g total lysine per kg. They contained soya-bean meal (S), rapeseed meal (R) or fish meal (F) alone, or equal proportions (on a total nitrogen basis) of soya and rapeseed, soya and fish meal, rapeseed and fish meal or soya, rapeseed and fish meal. The study involved 14 pigs growing from 40 to 90 kg, each fitted with a T cannula in the terminal ileum. Dietary treatments were applied during 7-day periods according to a 7 × 7 Latin-square design, replicated twice. The pigs were fed at 12-h intervals. Ileal digesta were collected during two 12-h periods from each pig after adaptation to each diet. Nutrient apparent digestibilities were measured using chromium III oxide as a marker; for diets S, R and F, respectively, values were: dry matter, 0·58, 0·51 and 0·66 (s.e. 0·014); N, 0·72, 0·67 and 0·73 (s.e. 0·011); lysine, 0·79, 0·72 and 0·83 (s.e. 0·010), with a similar relationship between diets for most other amino acids. In general, values for diets containing combinations of the protein supplements were intermediate between those for diets containing the respective single supplements. Following the main trial, seven pigs were given a semi-purified diet containing rapeseed meal as the only protein source; this gave amino acid digestibility values similar to or slightly higher than diet R. Diet R, which contained 375 g rapeseed meal per kg, presented no palatability problem. Rapeseed meal of the quality used in this trial could contribute a substantial proportion of the protein supplement for growing pigs. Its value should be enhanced by formulating diets according to the ileal digestibility of the limiting amino acids.

Factors affecting the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. 1. Feeding level

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Eliman ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACT1. Two experiments were conducted with four sheep and four lactating Friesian cows to investigate the effect of food intake on the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. Protein supplements treated with sodium dichromate were used.2. Dichromate treatment had little or no effect on particle size distribution or density of the protein supplements. The dichromate-treated proteins were rendered completely undegradable in the rumen and the rate of outflow of chromium-treated protein from the rumen was estimated from the concentrations of chromium recovered in the faeces.3. There were highly significant linear effects of feeding level on fractional outflow rate per h of chromium-treated protein supplements from the rumen of sheep and cows. Fractional outflow rates of chromium-treated fish meal and soya-bean meal, respectively, from the rumen of sheep were 0·0080 and 0·0076; 0·0182 and 0·0259; 0·0319 and 0·0335; and 0·0383 and 0·0385 per h at 0·2, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·0 times the energy requirements for maintenance, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two tested chromium-treated protein supplements in fractional outflow rates per h when the particle size was similar, nor any difference in particle size or density. Soya-bean meal was ground to achieve a particle size distribution similar to that of fish meal. For the dairy cows, the fractional outflow rates of fish meal from the rumen were 0·065, 0·072, 0·091 and 0·088 per h, at 1·5, 2·0, 2·5 and 3·0 times the energy requirements for maintenance.4. There were significant differences between sheep in fractional outflow rates per h of protein supplements from the rumen due to the considerably higher values obtained for one animal.

scholarly journals The effect on protein utilization of feeding different protein supplements via the rumen or via the abomasum in young growing sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Sixteen lambs were used to compare two methods of administering various protein supplements to weaned lambs. In one method the protein supplement was mixed with the dry feed, consisting mainly of rolled barley, so that it passed to the rumen. In the second method the supplement was suspended in water which the lambs were trained to suck from a bottle; the suspension then passed directly to the abomasum by way of the oesophageal groove and so escaped rumen fermentation.2. When the protein supplements were given in amounts that provided less than the estimated protein requirement of the animals, giving the liquid suspension led to significantly lower urinary nitrogen excretion (P < 0.001), greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05) and greater live-weight gain (0.05<P<0.1) than giving the feed in the dry form.3. The body-weight gain was greater with white fish meal than with casein (P<0.05) and soya-bean meal (P<0.001), whichever method of feeding was adopted. There was no significant interaction between method of feeding and protein source, but the faecal nitrogen excretion was highest when soya-bean meal was given in liquid suspension.4. From a regression of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake with lambs receiving the basal ration only, it was calculated that the improvement in retention of the protein supplement effected by giving it in liquid suspension was 31 % for casein, 27 % for fish meal and 24 % for soya-bean meal.

The effect of increasing the proportion of barley straw in pelleted concentrate diets given to lambs on rumen outflow rate and degradation of protein supplements

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
M. Lainez ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
J. A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments are described in which growing lambs were offered ad libitum two concentrate pelleted diets containing 60 (diet C) or 230 (diet D) g/kg barley straw.In the first experiment, eight male and eight female lambs were used to determine the outflow rate from the rumen of chromium-mordanted fish meal and soya-bean meal, estimated from faecal marker excretion. Diet D promoted a higher rumen outflow rate (0·0769 per h) than diet C (0·0486 per h); no differences were found either between sexes or between Cr-mordanted protein supplements.In the second experiment, the rumen degradation of fish meal, soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, pea seeds and sweet lupin seeds was studied by incubating the supplements in polyester bags in the rumens of four lambs, following a change-over design. Increasing the proportion of straw to 230 g/kg increased the rate of nitrogen disappearance from all vegetable supplements, the differences being significant only for pea seeds.When degradation kinetics and outflow rates were considered together, effective nitrogen degradability of protein supplements was reduced by the increased proportion of dietary straw, indicating a greater influence of rumen outflow rate than of the increased rate of microbial degradation.

The effect of cereal and protein source on the energy intake and nitrogen balance of fattening lambs given all-concentrate diets

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Energy intake and nitrogen balance studies have been conducted on 12 lambs fed ad libitum on four all-concentrate diets of equal crude-protein content in an experiment of latin square design. Each diet contained one cereal, either barley or oats and one protein supplement, either white-fish meal or soya bean meal.Protein supplements had no influence on energy intake, but intake was significantly higher when the lambs were given barley rather than oat diets.There were highly significant differences in the degree of utilization of digested nitrogen between diets containing fish meal and soya bean meal, and between diets containing barley and oats.The energy: nitrogen ratio of urine was inversely related to the proportion of urinary nitrogen present as urea and directly related to the degree of utilization of digested nitrogen.

Comparison of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal as protein supplements for dairy cows given grass silage-based diets

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
A. Vanhatalo ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractSixteen early to mid lactation Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and a 4 5 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal protein supplements on animal performance. Dietary treatments consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum supplemented with a fixed amount of a cereal based concentrate (10 kg/day on a fresh weight basis) containing 120, 150, 180 or 210 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM). Concentrate CP content was manipulated by replacement of basal ingredients (g/kg) with either rapeseed expeller (R; 120, 240 and 360) or soya-bean meal (S; 80, 160 and 240). Increases in concentrate CP stimulated linear increases (P < 0·05) in silage intake (mean 22·5 and 23·8 g DM per g/kg increase in dietary CP content, for R and S, respectively) and milk production. Concentrate inclusion of rapeseed expeller elicited higher (P < 0·01) milk yield and milk protein output responses (mean 108 and 3·71 g/day per g/kg DM increase in dietary CP content) than soya-bean meal (corresponding values 62 and 2·57). Improvements in the apparent utilization of dietary nitrogen for milk protein synthesis (mean 0·282 and 0·274, for R and S, respectively) were associated with higher (P < 0·05) plasma concentrations of histidine, branched-chain, essential and total amino acids (35, 482, 902 and 2240 and 26, 410, 800 and 2119 µmol/l, respectively) and lower (P < 0·01) concentrations of urea (corresponding values 4·11 and 4·52 mmol/l). Heat-treated rapeseed expeller proved to be a more effective protein supplement than solvent-extracted soya-bean meal for cows offered grass silage-based diets.

A comparison of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for yearling cattle offered grass silage-based diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for growing beef cattle offered grass silage ad libitum. In each experiment, well preserved grass silage (116 and 119 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 69 and 76 g ammonia-N per kg total N in experiments 1 and 2 respectively) was supplemented with (1) barley (107 g CP per kg DM), (2) barley/soya-bean meal (224 g CP per kg DM), (3) barley/sunflower meal (223 g CP per kg DM) and (4) barley/fish meal (218 g CP per kg DM). Each of the supplements was offered at a rate of 1·3 kg per head daily to 32 British Friesian castrated male cattle (mean initial live weight 334 kg) n i each experiment. The treatments were imposed for 118 and 134 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively and the animals were slaughtered 8 months after the end of the treatment periods. On average over the two experiments for supplements 1 to 4 respectively, silage DM intakes were 6·2, 6·3, 6·3 and 6·2 (s.e. 0·053) kg/day; live-weight gains 0·69, 0·78, 0·71 and 0·80 (s.e. 0·039) kg/day; carcass weights 375, 377, 377 and 374 (s.e. 8·1) kg, carcass fat classification (1 = leanest, 5 = fattest); 3·5, 3·5, 3·4 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·14) and areas of m. longissimus dorsi 19·8, 19·9, 19·7 and 19·3 (s.e. 0·66) mnv/kg carcass weight. It is concluded that when part of a barley supplement given in addition to well preserved grass silage was replaced with soya-bean, sunflower or fish meals, silage intake was not affected. The inclusion of fish meal in the diet increased live-weight gain by HOg/day and the response to soya-bean meal was 0·78 of the response to fish meal per unit of crude protein. Sunflower meal did not affect performance. The treatments did not affect carcass weight or fatness 8 months after the end of the treatment periods.

Effects of type and treatment of grain and protein source on dairy cow performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khalili ◽  
A. Sairanen ◽  
K. Hissa ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractThe effects of different types of energy or protein supplementation on performance of cows given grass silage-based diets were studied. The possibility of maintaining high energy intakes by using different grain sources, barley or maize, or by the use of the physical processing of the barley was investigated. In addition, the relative quality of rapeseed meal as a protein supplement compared with alternative protein supplements was examined. In experiment 1 16 Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a cyclic change-over design experiment with eight diets and four 21- day periods. The concentrate supplements comprised a 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of two grain sources (barley (B) and maize (M)) given either ground (T–) or steam-rolled (T+), each supplemented with either rapeseed expeller (R) or a mixture of maize gluten and soya-bean meal (GS). Grass silage was givenad libitumand concentrates at a rate of 11·2 kg DM per day. M supplements increased milk, milk protein and lactose output (P< 0·05) and decreased milk urea concentration (P< 0·01) compared with B supplements. Blood β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) and plasma urea concentrations were higher (P< 0·01) for B than M diets. R supplements increased silage intake, energy-corrected milk yield and milk protein output and concentration (P< 0·05) compared with GS supplements. Steam-rolled grain decreased food intake, blood BHB (P< 0·05) and plasma and milk urea concentrations (P< 0·001). Steam rolling improved organic matter digestibility (grain ✕ processing interaction,P< 0·05) with M but not with B supplements.In experiment 2 four Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a balanced complete change-over design to evaluate ground or steam-rolled barley (T– v. T+) and two protein treatments (rapeseed expeller, R or a mixture of maize gluten/soya-bean meal/sugar beet solubles, GSS). Cows were given concentrates at 11·2 kg dry matter (DM) per day and offered grass silagead libitum. There were no differences (P> 0·05) in food intake, digestibility or milk production and composition between treatments. Plasma urea concentrations (P< 0·01) and molar proportion of butyrate (P< 0·05) in rumen fluid were decreased with R compared with GSS supplements. The results showed that replacing B with M grain resulted in minor increases in milk production. Steam rolling of grain did not influence animal performance. Among the protein supplements R increased animal performance compared with GS supplement.

scholarly journals Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne U. Gjøen ◽  
L. R. Njaa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect On Growth

1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet.2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when tested as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine.3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth.4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meals used were low in cystine.5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given.6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.

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