Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Matter Energy

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth and first regrowth of perennial ryegrass were preserved either without additive (NA), or with a mixture consisting of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin at 10·0 and 13·01/t fresh crop for primary growth and regrowth herbage respectively (35 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein) (FF). The silages were given ad libitum to 40 lactating British Friesian heifers and cows, with a supplement of either pelleted ground maize (104 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (LP) or pelleted ground maize and soya bean meal (254 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (HP), at 6·1 and 7·1 kg per head per day for heifers and cows respectively. The primary growth silage was given from weeks 4 to 14 and the regrowth from weeks 15 to 22 of lactation. The silages were supplemented with urea so that the dietary supply of rumen degradable protein exceeded 7·8g/MJ metabolizable energy.2. Silage FF had lower concentrations of both fermentation acids and ammonia-nitrogen than silage NA. The digestibility of the dry matter, energy and crude protein of the diet containing silage FF was significantly less than that of diets containing silage NA when cows were given primary growth material (P < 0·001). But silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of cellulose. When cows were given regrowth silage, silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, energy and cellulose, but formic acid/formaldehyde reduced the digestibility of crude protein (P < 0·01). The inclusion of soya bean meal in the supplement significantly increased the digestibility of crude protein, dry matter and energy, but when cows were given the primary growth silage the effect on the digestibility of dry matter and energy was only apparent with silage NA.3. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth consumed 160g/kg more dry matter than those given silage NA (P < 0·01). This effect was not apparent when the animals were given regrowth silage. The effect of formic acid/formaldehyde on the intake of digestible energy was not significant in either period on the trial, but the inclusion of soya bean meal in the pellet significantly increased the intake of digestible energy (P < 0·01).4. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth produced 90g/kg more milk and 50g/kg more solids-corrected milk than those given silage NA, but the differences were not significant and these trends were not apparent when regrowth silage was given. An increase in the crude protein content of supplement increased the milk (P < 0·01) and protein yield (P < 0·05) of cows, but not heifers, when they were given primary growth silage. The effect was less when milk output was expressed in terms of solids-corrected milk since milk fat content tended to fall when cows were given the HP supplement. Treatments had no significant effect on live-weight change.5. It is suggested that the increases in milk output were mediated via changes in the supply of energy rather than of protein.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

The effect of composition of concentrate on the voluntary intake of silage and milk output

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
J. Bass ◽  
S.R. Daley ◽  
P.M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Current Trial ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cows

Earlier work at this institute with calves indicated that a concentrate containing a mixture of fibre and fat allowed higher voluntary intakes than a concentrate containing barley. The objective of the current trial was to compare the immediate and residual effects on milk yield and composition of supplements containing starch or a mixture of fibre and fat.Primary growths of perennial ryegrass were cut on 22 May and 12 June and wilted for 24 h prior to ensiling. The earlier cut material was preserved with an additive containing a mixture of formic acid, sulphuric acid and formalin at 4 l/t, whilst the later cut herbage was ensiled with formic acid at 3 l/t. A 60:40 mixture of the two silages was offered ad_ libitum with 2 pelleted supplements. Supplement Ba was a mixture of (DM basis) rolled barley (932 g/kg) and fishmeal (68 g/kg). Supplement SBP/FF consisted of unmolassed beet pulp (555 g/kg), extracted rice bran (315 g/kg), fat prills (56 g/kg) and soya bean meal (75 g/kg). Sources of protein differed in an attempt to balance RDP:UDP supply. The factorial combination of the two supplements (Ba and SBP/FF) given at two levels, 6 kg DM (L) or 12 kg DM (H), provided the 4 treatments imposed over weeks 3 to 10 of lactation on 40 British Friesian cows. During weeks 12 to 20 of lactation (Post experiment period) the cows were given an equal mixture of the two concentrates at 9 kg DM/day. Milk output was adjusted by covariance according to yield in week 2 of lactation.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Four sheep were given four diets containing proportions of rolled barley and soya-bean meal varied to provide 10.3, 13.3, 16.1 and 19.9% crude protein in the dietary dry matter; the treatments were given according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The mean daily intake was 989 g dry matter. The apparent disappearance of protein, ash, ether extractives and carbohydrate before the abomasum, between the abomasum and terminal ileum and between the terminal ileum and rectum was measured.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein (Y1, g/d) disappearing from the small intestine increased with protein intake (X, g/d) according to the equation Y1 = 2.12X – 0.0057X2–83, reaching a maximum when there was about 19% crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.3. The treatments had no significant effects on the disappearance of starch, ether extractives or ash. About 93% of starch disappeared in the rumen and 6% in the small intestine. The total mean daily intake of ether extractives was 21 g; 9 g were added in the rumen, 24 g disappeared from the small intestine and 6 g were excreted in the faeces. The total mean daily intake of ash was 67 g; 26 g were added in the rumen, 37 g disappeared from the small intestine, 9 g from the large intestine and 47 g were excreted in the faeces.

The crude protein requirement of the early-weaned calf given urea, meat meal or soya bean meal with and without sulphur supplementation

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
H. S. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted with 84 male British Friesian calves to estimate their nitrogen and sulphur requirements between 5 and 11 weeks of age. A basal 12 % crude protein (CP) diet was supplemented with meat meal, soya bean meal or urea to 15 or 18 % CP, and with sulphur to reduce the nitrogen to sulphur ratios of the diets to about 10 to 1.The weight gains and feed conversion ratios of the calves given the 12% CP diets were significantly poorer than those of the calves fed on the diets containing 15 or 18% CP, irrespective of the CP supplement used. The supplementation of the urea-containing diets with sulphur caused a significant increase in feed intake and weight gain.The digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter increased with increasing CP content of the diets and was greater for the diets supplemented with urea than for those supplemented with meat meal or soya bean meal. Sulphur additions also increased the nitrogen digestibility. The retention of nitrogen, when corrected for feed intake, was greater in the calves fed on the diets containing 18% CP than in those fed on the 15% and 12% CP diets.The supplementation of the diets with sulphur increased the digestibility of sulphur, its excretion in urine and its retention. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma increased with increasing dietary CP content, and was higher in calves given urea.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of wet distillers' solubles for pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja ◽  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Cyclic Change ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism were studied to evaluate the nutritive value of wet barley distillers’ solubles (DSB) from an integrated starch-ethanol process for pigs. Eight castrated male pigs (live weight 72-103 kg) were used in a 8 x 3 cyclic change-over design, where the diets were arranged factorially 2x2. The corresponding factors were the protein source (DSB or soya bean meal (SBM)) and the protein level (131 or 162 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter (DM)). Faeces and urine were collected in total. The four diets comprised barley, barley starch, minerals and vitamins with either DSB or SBM as the main source of protein. The digestibility of CP(p

The effect of source and level of dietary protein on the performance of in-lamb ewes

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the specific effect, if any, of grass protein on the birth weight of lambs born to ewes wintered indoors. Grass meal was used as a substitute for fresh grass, and soya bean meal—representing a more conventional source of protein for winter diets—was compared with it. Both sources of protein were included at two levels, providing a high (90 g or 0·2 lb/day) and a low (45 g or 0·1 lb/day) intake of digestible crude protein.The digestibility of dry matter was significantly higher for the diets containing soya bean meal (67·7%) than for those containing grass meal (58·2%). Dry-matter digestibility was not affected by level of protein intake. The digestibility of crude protein was significantly affected by protein source and level of intake.Lamb birth weights were not significantly affected by source or level of dietary protein. There was a tendency for birth weights to be higher on the diet containing grass meal at low protein intakes. Ewe weight gains during the last eight weeks of gestation were significantly affected by level of dietary protein, and net body weight change was significantly affected by both source and level of protein. Gestation treatments had no effect on the performance of ewes or lambs during the first three weeks of lactation.The retention of nitrogen during the 18th–20th weeks of gestation was affected by both source and level of dietary protein. Mean nitrogen retention was higher with diets containing soya bean meal (5·8 g per day) than with diets containing grass meal (3·6 g per day). There was no correlation between nitrogen retention and lamb birth weight.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Greife ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

Intensive beef production 5. The effect of different sources of protein on nitrogen retention

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bowers ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARY1. Nitrogen balance studies were made on 8 Friesian steers given allconcentrate diets containing fish meal, soya bean meal, groundnut meal or cottonseed meal.2. There were no differences in nitrogen retention but voluntary feed intake was significantly lower on the fish meal diet.3. Adjustment of nitrogen retention to constant dry matter intake resulted in significantly higher values for the diets containing fish meal and cottonseed meal than for the others.4. Rumen pH, rumen ammonia and blood urea were all much lower on the fish meal diet.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of soya-bean meal and rapeseed meal on the amino acid profiles and acid-pepsin solubility of rumen undegraded protein

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Varvikko ◽  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
J. Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Methionine Concentration ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYSoya-bean meal and rapeseed meal treated with 0, 0·4 or 0·8 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein (N × 6·25) was incubated in the rumen in nylon bags with 10 and 40 μm aperture.Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds was reduced with increasing formaldehyde treatment.The proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues of untreated and treated soya-bean meal was similar to the original samples. For rapeseed meal the proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues decreased with increasing rumen incubation time. This reduction decreased with increasing formaldehyde treatment.Concentration of amino acids in the undegraded residues did not generally deviate from those in the original samples. However, a distinguishable decrease in the methionine concentration was observed in all the rapeseed meal samples and in glutamic acid concentration in rapeseed meal treated with 0 and 0·4 g formaldehyde/100g- crude protein.Most of the changes due to rumen incubation were smaller using the 10 μm bags than using the 40 μm bags. However, the bag pore size did not play a decisive role in the conclusions of the results given.

Response of fast growing lambs to compound protein level

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J S Blake ◽  
T D A Brigstocke ◽  
P J Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Development Unit ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth

Reduction of the financial support by the EC to sheep farmers has highlighted the need for lamb fattening diets which can adjust the rate of lamb growth, depending on market needs. A trial was run at BOCM SILCOCK Development Unit, Barhill using 144 Texel and Suffolk x Mule lambs, with a mean start weight of 18.6 ± 0.50 kg (mean ± SE). Lambs were divided into 24 pens and allocated one of four compound diets (Diets A, B, C or D). The diets were designed to be isoenergetic with an estimated energy of 11.4 MJ ME/kg DM and contained 138, 172, 206 and 250 g crude protein/kg DM. Protein levels were increased by increasing soya bean meal inclusion from 0 to 25% and reducing barley and wheat levels.Formulations and actual analysis are shown in Table 1. Lambs were bedded on barley straw refreshed daily, with compound diets and water available ad-lib.

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