Social behaviour of domestic animals II. Effect of the peck order on poultry productivity

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Order Position

SUMMARY1. Peck order position was assessed by aggressiveness scores for birds housed intensively on deep litter on the floor and in cages.2. Relationships were shown between scores and egg weight, egg number and egg mass for the birds on the floor but not for the caged birds. The nature of the relationships found was discussed.3. The correlation between egg weight and egg number was higher in the flock on the floor than in the caged flock. This appeared to be due to a significant positive correlation among the lowest scoring birds on the floor.

Genetic parameters for egg weight v. age curve, and other egg production and egg weight traits, in synthetic lines of chickens

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
BH Yoo ◽  
BL Sheldon ◽  
RN Podger
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Selection For

An exponential curve, W = P-Qexp(- Rt), where W is egg weight at age t, was fitted to egg weights of individual pullets, and genetic parameters were estimated for P, Q and R, the residual standard deviation and other egg weight and egg production characters. The data consisted of records collected over six generations on more than 4000 pullets in two selection lines and a control line which originated from a synthetic gene pool of White Leghorn x Australorp crosses. The half-sib and offspring-on-parent regression estimates of heritability pooled over the lines were 0.23 and 0.33 for P, 0.14 and 0.20 for Q, and 0.14 and 0.25 for R. Genetic correlations were estimated to be -0.10 between P and Q, -0.46 between P and R, and 0.90 between Q and R. These estimates suggest that the egg weight v. age curve may be modified to increase the proportion of eggs in desirable weight grades and reduce the incidence of oversized eggs later in the production year. The genetic correlation between mean weight of first 10 eggs and egg weight at 62 weeks of age was estimated to be 0.68, further suggesting that early egg weight may be improved partly independently of late egg weight. The heritability estimates of egg mass output were not higher than those of egg number in spite of the highly heritable average egg weight being an important component of egg mass, probably because of the negative genetic correlation (r = -0.49) between egg number and average egg weight. The standard deviation of individual pullet's egg weights was moderately heritable and genetically correlated positively with egg weight characters and negatively with egg production; these estimates were consistent with the responses to selection for reduced egg weight variability observed elsewhere

Adolescent Humour and Its Relationship with Psychological Adjustment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Singh ◽  
Arif Ali ◽  
Maria Choudhary ◽  
Rini Gogoi ◽  
Nilesh Maruti Gujar
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Difficulty Score

Background: Adolescence is a transition phase towards adulthood. There is a correlation between humour and psychosocial adjustment. Aim: To assess the level of humour among adolescents and to see its relationships with their general psychological adjustment. Methods and Materials: The present study is a cross-sectional study. Convenience sampling was used to select the school and total enumeration method was used for the selection of the respondents (school-going adolescent). School going adolescents between the ages of 13-17 years were included. They were assessed with their consent using a Socio-demographic Datasheet, Richmond Humour Assessment Instrument, Beck Depression Inventory, Interaction Anxiousness Scale, Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire, Academic Expectation Stress Inventory and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Results: Humour has a significant negative correlation with the emotional problems and significant positive correlation with pro-social behaviour and total difficulty score. Moreover, it was found that humour has a significant positive correlation with self-efficacy. In regression analysis, it was found that conduct problems and pro-social behaviour contribute significantly to the prediction of humour among adolescents; though, accounting only for 1.08% variance. Remaining 98.9% was attributed to a variable not included in the study. Conclusion: Humour can lead to an improvement in psychological adjustment among adolescent.

scholarly journals Direct and correlated responses to selection in two flocks of White Leghorn

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-414
Author(s):  
G. S. Brah ◽  
M. L. Chaudhary ◽  
J. S. Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Correlated Responses ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Realized Genetic Gains ◽  
D 20

Abstract. Data on 17,588 pulletes of two strains selected for egg number and egg weight along with a control line were examined over seven generations. Significant desirable realized genetic gains/generation were observed for egg number to 40 weeks (2.18 and 2.23 eggs) and egg weight (0.81 and 0.45g) in both the strains. Significant correlated responses were also observed in age at first egg (−1.54 and −1.17 d); 20 and 40 week body weights (8.8 to 19.0). Significant desirable responses were also observed for egg mass (175 and 151g), rate of lay (1.0 and 1.37%), egg production efficiency (0.08 and 0.07) and efficiency index (1.09 and 1.03 g/d/kg) Natural selection did not seem to play any role. Inbreeding of 0.28 to 0.45% per generation did not appear to be of any significance in affecting the performance and heritabilities. The additive genetic and phenotypic variances and heritabilities remained stable over generations. Realized heritabilities varied between 0 18 and 0.29 for egg number and between 0.44 and 0.66 for egg weight and indicated the effectiveness of the criterion of selection.

Egg production and certain behavioural characteristics and mortality pattern of indigenous chicken of India

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
P.G. Kumar ◽  
R.R. Churchil ◽  
A. Jalaludeen ◽  
K. Narayanankutty ◽  
P.A. Peethambaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Indigenous Chicken ◽  
Mortality Pattern ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Production Characteristics

Summary A survey to document the behaviour characteristics and mortality pattern of indigenous chicken of Kerala and a field egg recording study to record egg production characteristics of these birds were conducted. Flight distance and height was 13.29 and 3.97 m, respectively. The territory radius of cocks was 121.15 m. The chick survivability at 4 weeks of age was 64.98 percent. The day-old and 8th week body weights were 28.83 and 347.24 g, respectively. The 20th and 40th week body weight of males were 1,428.42 and 1,936.67 g and that of females were 1,114.04 and 1,445.63 g, respectively. The mortality up to 72 weeks was 69.38 percent and major cause of mortality during chick, grower and layer stage were mongoose (44.63 percent), wolf (24.29 percent) and diseases (52.18 percent) respectively. The fertility was 71.22 percent and hatchability on total and fertile egg set were 62.26 and 87.42 percent, respectively. There were 2.13 clutches in a laying cycle with inter-clutch intervals of 1.11 days. The average clutch size and number of eggs per cycle were 7.27 and 14.32, respectively. The egg number up to 72 weeks on hen-day and hen-housed basis was 116.81 and 85.84, respectively and the eggs were laid in 7.7 cycles. The age at first egg and average age at sexual maturity were 155 and 199.26 days, respectively. The egg weight at 28, 40 and 72 weeks of age was 37.80, 40.74 and 43.31 g, respectively, and egg mass per bird was 4,659.04 g. The broodiness and incubation pause were 26.03 and 121.75 days, respectively.

scholarly journals NET GENETIC AND TEMPORARY EPISTATIC OR MATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR EGG PRODUCTION IN CHICKENS

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-321
Author(s):  
G L Bennett ◽  
G E Dickerson ◽  
R S Gowe ◽  
A J McAllister ◽  
J A B Emsley
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Maternal Responses

ABSTRACT The difference between progeny from selected and unselected parents (T) was experimentally partitioned into net genetic change (GA), temporary favorable epistatic combinations (GEP) and egg-transmitted maternal environment (M) in two strains of Leghorns selected over 14 years for early pure-strain egg production. Differences among progeny from selected sires and dams, selected sires only, selected dams only, unselected sires and dams and the parental generation were equated to expected GA, GEP and M responses for each trait. Total response was 3.3% for early egg number, 3.7% for total egg number, 0.5% for egg weight, 3.8% for early egg mass and 4.2% for total egg mass. Among progeny that survived the test period and were judged to be normal, total response was 2.6% for total number of eggs, 3.0% for early egg mass and 3.1% for total egg mass. The percentage of T attributed to GA was 9% for early egg number, 24% for total egg number, 43% for early egg mass and 47% for total egg mass; but 52% for total egg number, 98% for early egg mass and 71% for total egg mass of normal survivors. Temporary maternal selection responses (M) were (1) positive for number of eggs and egg masses, (2) greater for all progeny than for normal survivors, and (3) increased with progeny age. The results suggest that M was caused by reduced egg-transmitted disease. Epistatic selection response was positive for earlier sexual maturity and for number of eggs, but negative for egg weight and thus was small for egg masses. Temporary epistatic and maternal responses can explain overestimation of additive genetic response from offspring-parent regression or from replicated single-generation selection and apparent superiority of mass selection over family or combined selection.

scholarly journals Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Deaths, Case Incidence and Case Fatality Ratio among the Continents for the Period of 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Wajdy J. Al-Awaida ◽  
Baker Jawabrah Al Hourani ◽  
Samer Swedan ◽  
Refat Nimer ◽  
Foad Alzoughool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly developed into a worldwide pandemic. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome may affect various aspects of the disease including fatality ratio. In this study, 553,518 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences isolated from patients from continents for the period 1 December 2020 to 15 March 2021 were comprehensively analyzed and a total of 82 mutations were identified concerning the reference sequence. In addition, associations between the mutations and the case fatality ratio (CFR), cases per million and deaths per million, were examined. The mutations having the highest frequencies among different continents were Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L. Among the identified mutations, NSP2_T153M, NSP14_I42V and Spike_L18F mutations showed a positive correlation to CFR. While the NSP13_Y541C, NSP3_T73I and NSP3_Q180H mutations demonstrated a negative correlation to CFR. The Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L mutations showed a positive correlation to deaths per million. The NSP3_T1198K, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a significant negative correlation to deaths per million. The NSP12_P323L and Spike_D614G mutations showed a positive correlation to the number of cases per million. In contrast, NS8_L84S and NSP12_A97V mutations showed a negative correlation to the number of cases per million. In addition, among the identified clades, none showed a significant correlation to CFR. The G, GR, GV, S clades showed a significant positive correlation to deaths per million. The GR and S clades showed a positive correlation to number of cases per million. The clades having the highest frequencies among continents were G, followed by GH and GR. These findings should be taken into consideration during epidemiological surveys of the virus and vaccine development.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Adenoids, Upper Airway, and Tongue Using “Predictors of Difficult Airways” in Class II Division 1 and Division 2 Cases with Class I Cases: Prospective In Vivo Observational Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 030157422096341
Author(s):  
Smita Mangesh Choudhari ◽  
Sunita Shrivastav
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
Difficult Airways ◽  
Mandibular Protrusion ◽  
Division 2 ◽  
Class Ii Division 1

Introduction: Altered nasorespiratory function leads to altered craniofacial growth. Thus, airway evaluation is important for preventive, interceptive, and corrective orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare adenoids, the upper airway, the tongue, and mandibular dimensions using “predictors of difficult airways” in class II division 1 and class II division 2 cases with class I cases. Method: Sixty subjects of age 15 to 18 years were divided into 3 groups (group 1: class I cases; group 2: class II division 1 cases; and group 3: class II division 2 cases) based on cephalometric parameters, with 20 cases in each group. Cephalometric evaluation of adenoids and the nasopharyngeal airway was done using the Handelman–Osborne area method. Upper and lower airway evaluation was done using McNamara’s linear method. “Predictors of difficult airways” were used for evaluation of the airway, which included nasal competency, the Mallampati scale, mandibular length, mandibular protrusion, and the thyromental distance. Results: The present study found a significant positive correlation between the grades of nasal competency and percentage adenoid wall area, and a significant negative correlation between the grades of nasal competency and the upper airway. There was a significant positive correlation between the grades of nasal competency and mandibular length, and a significant positive correlation between the grades of mandibular protrusion and mandibular length. There was a significant positive correlation between the grades of the thyromental distance and mandibular length. Conclusion: It was concluded that the “predictors of difficult airways” would be helpful in early diagnosis and identification of potential risk factors that may cause “breathing disorders”–related malocclusions and later on increase the risk of developing OSA.

Changes in duplex ultrasound parameters during maturation according to arteriovenous access types in incident hemodialysis patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110052
Author(s):  
Jae Jin Lee ◽  
Sun Ryoung Choi ◽  
Eun Ju Lee ◽  
Ha Youn Yang ◽  
Seon Ha Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulsatility Index ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Duplex Ultrasound ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Arteriovenous Access ◽  
Artery Flow ◽  
Ultrasound Parameters ◽  
Av Graft

Background: Little is known about the changes in hemodynamic parameters during arteriovenous (AV) access maturation using duplex ultrasound according to radiocephalic fistula (RCF), brachiocephalic fistula (BCF), and AV graft (AVG) in incident hemodialysis (HD) patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes and differences in brachial artery flow rate (BAFR) and related parameters affecting maturation by duplex ultrasound in incident HD patients according to access type. Methods: This study was an observational study conducted from March 2019 to October 2020. During the study period, 109 incident patients underwent new AV access creation, of which 100 were included in the study. The duplex ultrasound was performed on the day prior to access creation, further, day 1, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks later after access creation in incident HD patients. Results: Among all the patients, 38 (38%) received BCF, while 26 (26%) underwent RCF. Of the patients with AVG, 18 (50%) had a forearm loop AVG. The overall mean age was 62.2 ± 13.8 years (range, 32–89). The BAFR increased about 6.9 times in the RCF, 17.4 times in the BCF, and 19.5 times in the AVG at day 1. The median BAFR measured on day 1 was 580.4 mL/min for RC, 1029.0 mL/min for BC, and 1133.0 mL/min for AVG. Relative to the values measured in week 4, the BAFR on day 1 was 69.5% in RCF, 90.6% in BCF, and 93.9% in AVG. The acceleration decreased most significantly on day 1( p < 0.05). The acceleration time increased significantly on day 1 ( p < 0.05) and beyond during maturation in the RCF and BCF. The BAFR of the RCF had a significantly negative correlation with the pulsatility index. The BAFR of the BCF showed a significantly positive correlation with the systolic and diastolic blood pressure but negatively correlated with pulse rate. The BAFR of the AVG showed a significant positive correlation with the diameter of the outflow vein. Conclusions: There were differences in the clinical and duplex parameters during maturation according to access type. The most dramatic changes of duplex parameters were on the day after AV access creation regardless of AV access types. Though RCF had a lower BAFR rate compared to BCF and AVG, it already had a sufficient BAFR required for adequate HD treatment the day after creation. The BAFR of BCF was not different from that of AVG.

Relationship Between Gas Emissions and Dry Matter Intake in Mature Angus Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Amanda Holder ◽  
Megan A Gross ◽  
Alexi Moehlenpah ◽  
Paul Beck
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Second Period

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diet quality on greenhouse gas emissions and dry matter intake (DMI). We used 42 mature, gestating Angus cows (600±69 kg; and BSC 5.3±1.1) with a wide range in DMI EPD (-1.36 to 2.29). Cows were randomly assigned to 2 diet sequences forage-concentrate (FC) or concentrate-forage(CF) determined by the diet they consumed in each period (forage or concentrate). The cows were adapted to the diet and the SmartFeed individual intake units for 14 d followed by 45 d of intake data collection for each period. Body weight was recorded on consecutive weigh days at the beginning and end of each period and then once every two wk for the duration of a period. Cows were exposed to the GreenFeed Emission Monitoring (GEM) system for no less than 9 d during each period. The GEM system was used to measure emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Only cows with a minimum of 20 total &gt;3-m visits to the GEM were included in the data set. Data were analyzed in a crossover design using GLIMMIX in SASv.9.4. Within the CF sequence there was a significant, positive correlation between TMR DMI and CH4 (r=0.81) and TMR DMI and CO2 (r=0.69), however, gas emissions during the second period on the hay diet were not correlated with hay intake. There was a significant, positive correlation between hay DMI and CO2 (r=0.76) and hay DMI and CH4 (r=0.74) when cows first consumed forage (FC). In comparison to the CF sequence, cows on the FC sequence showed a positive correlation between CO2 and TMR DMI during the second period. There was also a significant positive correlation between hay and TMR DMI when assessed across (r=0.43) or within sequence (FC r=0.41, CF r=0.47).

scholarly journals Radio-adaptive response and correlation of non-homologous end joining repair gene polymorphisms [XRRC5 (3R/2R/1R/0R), XRCC6(C/G) and XRCC7 (G/T)] in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to gamma radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shridevi Shelke ◽  
Birajalaxmi Das
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Human Pbmcs ◽  
Mrna Expression Level ◽  
Repair Gene ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Nhej Repair

Abstract Background Radio-adaptive response (RAR) is transient phenomena, where cells conditioned with a small dose (priming) of ionizing radiation shows significantly reduced DNA damage with a subsequent high challenging dose. The role of DNA double strand break repair gene polymorphism in RAR is not known. In the present study attempt was made to find out the influence of NHEJ repair gene polymorphisms [a VNTR; XRCC5 (3R/2R/1R/0R); two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); XRCC6 (C/G) and XRCC7 (G/T)] with DNA damage, repair and mRNA expression in human PBMCs in dose and adaptive response studies. Genomic DNA extracted from venous blood samples of 20 random healthy donors (16 adaptive and 4 non-adaptive) and genotyping of NHEJ repair genes was carried out using PCR amplified length polymorphism. Results The dose response study revealed significant positive correlation of genotypes at XRRC5 (3R/2R/1R/0R), XRCC6(C/G) and XRCC7 (G/T) with DNA damage. Donors having genotypes with 2R allele at XRCC5 showed significant positive correlation with mRNA expression level (0R/2R: r = 0.846, P = 0.034; 1R/2R: r = 0.698, P = 0.0001 and 2R/2R: r = 0.831, P = 0.0001) for dose response. Genotypes C/C and C/G of XRCC6 showed a significant positive correlation (P = 0.0001), whereas, genotype T/T of XRCC7 showed significant negative correlation (r = − 0.376, P = 0.041) with mRNA expression. Conclusion Interestingly, adaptive donors having C/G genotype of XRCC6 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) mRNA expression level in primed cells suggesting their role in RAR. In addition, NHEJ repair gene polymorphisms play crucial role with radio-sensitivity and RAR in human PBMCs.

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