scholarly journals The conditional nature of the dietary need for polyunsaturates: a proposal to reclassify ‘essential fatty acids’ as ‘conditionally-indispensable’ or ‘conditionally-dispensable’ fatty acids

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Cunnane
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Slow Turnover

The term essential fatty acid no longer clearly identifies the fatty acids it was originally used to describe. It would be more informative if the concept of essentiality shifted away from the symptoms arising from the lack of de novo synthesis of linoleate or α-linolenate and towards the adequacy of the capacity for synthesis and conservation of both the parent and the derived long-chain polyunsaturates. For instance, despite the existence of the pathway for synthesis of docosahexaenoate from α-linolenate, the former would be more correctly classified as ‘conditionally indispensable’ because the capacity of the pathway appears insufficient during early development, although it may be sufficient later in life in healthy individuals. Similarly, despite the inability to synthesize linoleate de novo, abundant linoleate stores and its relatively slow turnover in healthy adults probably makes linoleate ‘conditionally dispensable’ for long periods. There are two other anomalies with the terms essential and non-essential fatty acids: (1) under several different experimental circumstances, the C-skeleton of essential fatty acids is avidly used in the synthesis of non-essential fatty acids; (2) to function normally, the brain is required to endogenously synthesize several non-essential fatty acids. As with essential amino acids, which have been reclassified as indispensable or conditionally indispensable, such a change in terminology should lead to an improved understanding of the function and metabolism of polyunsaturates in particular, and long-chain fatty acids in general.

scholarly journals Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morakot Sroyraya ◽  
Peter J. Hanna ◽  
Tanapan Siangcham ◽  
Ruchanok Tinikul ◽  
Prapaporn Jattujan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

Background: Holothuria scabra is one of the most commercially important species found in the Pacific region. The sea cucumber extracts have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional compositions of H. scabra, and compare its important nutritional contents with that of other species.Methods: The sea cucumbers were dissected, sliced into small pieces, and then freeze-dried. The nutritional compositions, including proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, collagen, GABA, Vitamin A, C, and E of the whole body and body wall of H. scabra, were analyzed.Results: H. scabra contained a high quantity of protein (22.50% in whole body and 55.18% in body wall) and very low lipids (1.55% in whole body and 1.02% in body wall). The three most abundant amino acids found in both the whole body and body wall were glycine, glutamic acid, and proline. The main fatty acids found in the whole body were stearic acid and nervonic acid, and in the body wall were arachidonic acid and stearic acid. The whole body and body wall also contained high levels of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and collagen, in addition to moderate amounts of vitamin E and low amounts of GABA and vitamin C.Conclusions: The sea cucumber, H. scabra, contained high quantity of protein and very low lipid. It contained high essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, nervonic and arachidonic acids, and collagen, which also contained GABA, vitamin C, and vitamin E.Keywords: sea cucumber; Holothuria scabra; nutrition components; functional food            

scholarly journals The occurrence of polyenoic very long chain fatty acids with greater than 32 carbon atoms in molecular species of phosphatidylcholine in normal and peroxisome-deficient (Zellweger's syndrome) brain

1988 ◽  
Vol 253 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Poulos ◽  
P Sharp ◽  
D Johnson ◽  
C Easton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The n-6 tetra- and pentaenoic fatty acids with carbon chain lengths greater than 32 found in normal brain are located predominantly in a separable species of phosphatidylcholine. A similar phospholipid is found in increased amounts in the brain of peroxisome-deficient (Zellweger's syndrome) patients, but the fatty acid composition differs in that penta- and hexaenoic derivatives predominate. Our data strongly suggest that the polyenoic very long chain fatty acids are confined to the sn-1 position of the glycerol moiety, while the sn-2 position is enriched in saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with less than 24 carbon atoms. It is postulated that these unusual molecular species of phosphatidylcholine may play some, as yet undefined, role in brain physiology.

Preparation of some long-chain N-acyl derivatives of essential amino acids for nutritional studies

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alenka Paquet
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Acyl Derivatives ◽  
Long Chain

Long-chain N-acyl derivatives of methionine, tryptophan, threonine, and lysine (N6) have been obtained by the reaction of succinimidyl esters of fatty acids with the unprotected amino acids. Their physical properties have been characterized.

The digestion of safflower oil-casein particles protected against ruminal hydrogenation in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
PJ Connell ◽  
SC Mills
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Three sheep were offered lucerne hay either alone or with a supplement of safflower oil-casein particles protected from microbial digestion by treatment with formaldehyde. The supplement provided an additional 70 g of long chain fatty acids and 9 g nitrogen. It was estimated that, as a result of providing the supplement, additional nutrients derived from the small intestine included about 10 g of nitrogen and 60 g of long chain fatty acids. About 38 g of these fatty acids was absorbed in polyunsaturated form. With the basal diet, negligible amounts of polyunsaturated acids were absorbed from the small intestine. The addition of safflower oil-casein particles was associated with slight but significant increases in the flow of digesta from the abomasum but had no effect on the volume of water in the rumen or on the rates of flow from the rumen or terminal ileum. It was calculated that the supplemented diet provided, per unit of organic matter intake, about 30% more metabolizable energy, 38% more net energy, and 70% more amino acids than the basal diet.

scholarly journals Biochemical composition of two giant pill-millipedes of the Western Ghats of India

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheviri N. Ambarish ◽  
Kandikere R. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
The Western Ghats

AbstractMany invertebrates have an unexpected nutraceutical potential and are of nutritional or ethnomedicinal significance to many tribals throughout the world. The giant pill-millipedes of the genus Arthrosphaera are traditionally used as natural medicines by tribals in the Western Ghats of India. In this study, two species of pill-millipedes (Arthrosphaera fumosa and A. magna) were subjected to proximate and biochemical analysis to ascertain their nutritional potential. Bodies of A. fumosa and A. magna (after removal of their intestines) had a low protein content (8-15%) and high quantity of carbohydrates (40-41%). They were rich in many essential elements, especially in calcium. The essential amino acids of pillmillipedes were in high quantities. The level of glycine was the highest, followed by lysine and serine. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of males and females consist of high quantities of unsaturated fatty acids. The mono-unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant than poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Palmitic and oleic acids were dominant saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The study has revealed for the first time that pill-millipedes of the Western Ghats of India constitute a good source of essential minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Being valuable contributors of organic manure by processing recalcitrant plant lignocellulosic wastes, pill-millipedes become part and parcel of organic farming as well as future nutraceutical sources.

scholarly journals Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D Semba
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive disorder involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory, and neurodegeneration affecting wide areas of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AD is characterized by altered lipid metabolism in the brain. Lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs have been described in the frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus in the brain in AD. The brain can synthesize only a few fatty acids; thus, most fatty acids must enter the brain from the blood. Recent studies show that PUFAs such as DHA (22:6) are transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a specific LPC receptor at the BBB known as the sodium-dependent LPC symporter 1 (MFSD2A). Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia in observational studies; however, PUFA supplementation, with fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerols did not prevent cognitive decline in clinical trials. Recent studies show that LPC is the preferred carrier of PUFAs across the BBB into the brain. An insufficient pool of circulating LPC containing long-chain fatty acids could potentially limit the supply of long-chain fatty acids to the brain, including PUFAs such as DHA, and play a role in the pathobiology of AD. Whether adults with low serum LPC concentrations are at greater risk of developing cognitive decline and AD remains a major gap in knowledge. Preventing and treating cognitive decline and the development of AD remain a major challenge. The LPC pathway is a promising area for future investigators to identify modifiable risk factors for AD.

Quantitative changes in long-chain fatty acids during fetal and early postnatal development in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. R14-R19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cunnane ◽  
Z. Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Liver Triacylglycerols ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The quantitative importance of triacylglycerol as a source of total essential fatty acids during early postnatal development is reported in the accompanying article. Our objective here was to measure the quantitative changes in individual long-chain fatty acids in specific lipid classes of the carcass, liver, and brain of the developing rat mainly to describe the relative accumulation of long-chain vs. precursor fatty acids. Fatty acids in carcass phosphatidylcholine (micrograms/g) were lower at fetal days 18-21 than at either fetal day 15 or postnatal days +3 to +9. Individual long-chain fatty acids in liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine increased markedly by day +3 postnatally, whereas in brain phosphatidylethanolamine, the postnatal increase was delayed to between days +6 and +9. Fatty acids in carcass and liver triacylglycerols increased quantitatively by 10- to 300-fold from fetal day 21 to postnatal day +3 with amounts of both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid equaling linoleic acid. The ratios of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids to respective long-chain products were significantly higher in triacylglycerols, whereas that of stearic to oleic acid was higher in phospholipids. We conclude that, during early postnatal life, oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids are required in quantitatively greater amounts in triacylglycerols, whereas stearic acid and long-chain essential fatty acids are required in phospholipids.

Triacylglycerol: an important pool of essential fatty acids during early postnatal development in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. R8-R13 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Cunnane ◽  
Z. Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Developmental changes in the content and composition of major organ lipid pools are not well known. Our objective was to assess quantitatively the changes in lipids, particularly those containing long-chain fatty acids, in the placenta and the brain, liver, and carcass of the fetal and suckling rat. Pregnant dams were killed at days 15, 18, and 21 (term) of pregnancy and the placentas and fetuses removed and analyzed; suckling rats were killed at days +3, +6, and +9 of lactation. Whereas the long-chain fatty acid content of the phospholipids (mg/g) of the fetal or suckling rat remained relatively constant from day 18 of pregnancy to day +9 of lactation, long-chain fatty acids in triacylglycerols increased from prenatal values by 10- to 12-fold during the first 9 postnatal days. Prenatally, triacylglycerol accounted for no more than 32% of total whole body essential fatty acids (day 21), but postnatally this increased to 81-88%. From day 21 to day +9, the proportion of n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids within the total triacylglycerol pool of the suckling rat increased 71 and 317%, respectively. We conclude that in the suckling rat, triacylglycerol is quantitatively the most important source of essential fatty acids during at least the first 9 days of life.

scholarly journals A Review of the Metabolic Origins of Milk Fatty Acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria COZMA ◽  
Doina MIERE ◽  
Lorena FILIP ◽  
Sanda ANDREI ◽  
Roxana BANC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Milk fat and its fatty acid profile are important determinants of the technological, sensorial, and nutritional properties of milk and dairy products. The two major processes contributing to the presence of fatty acids in ruminant milk are the mammary lipogenesis and the lipid metabolism in the rumen. Among fatty acids, 4:0 to 12:0, almost all 14:0 and about a half of 16:0 in milk fat derive from de novo synthesis within the mammary gland. De novo synthesis utilizes as precursors acetate and butyrate produced through carbohydrates ruminal fermentation and involves acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase as key enzymes. The rest of 16:0 and all of the long-chain fatty acids derive from mammary uptake of circulating lipoproteins and nonesterified fatty acids that originate from digestive absorption of lipids and body fat mobilization. Further, long-chain fatty acids as well as medium-chain fatty acids entering the mammary gland can be desaturated via Δ-9 desaturase, an enzyme that acts by adding a cis-9-double bond on the fatty acid chain. Moreover, ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of numerous fatty acids available for incorporation into milk fat. Ruminal biohydrogenation is performed by rumen microbial population as a means of protection against the toxic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Within the rumen microorganisms, bacteria are principally responsible for ruminal biohydrogenation when compared to protozoa and anaerobic fungi.

Intestinal digestion of subterranean clover by sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Quantitative studies have been made of digestion in the small and large intestines of sheep offered a diet of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneurn c.v. Clare) at levels approaching ad libitum. As in previous studies with a similar diet, most of the digestion of organic matter and of cell wall constituents occurred in the stomach; by contrast, the release of long-chain fatty acids and amino acids mainly occurred in the intestines. Although two-thirds of the dietary long-chain fatty acids were C18:2 and C 18: 3, hydrogenation in the rumen reduced their proportion to less than 20 % in the digesta leaving the stomach. The amounts of long-chain fatty acids that passed from the stomach were equivalent to about 127 % of intake. Approximately 70 % of these fatty acids were removed from the digestive tract subsequently, and most of the absorption occurred in the small intestine. The total amounts of these fatty acids absorbed from the intestines were equivalent to approximately 90% of the amount consumed, even though their apparent digestibility in the whole tract was only 61 %. Most of the nitrogen that passed from the stomach was in the form of amino acids. Of the 189 g amino acids that passed from the stomach, less than one-third reached the terminal ileum. The net losses of individual amino acids in the small intestine ranged from 66% to 84% of the amounts that passed from the stomach. It was estimated that approximately one-third of the organic matter and almost 60% of the nitrogen that passed from the stomach was present in bacterial cells. A major component of bacterial cell walls, diaminopimelic acid, was apparently not absorbed from the small intestine, though appreciable amounts of this amino acid were lost in the large intestine.

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