scholarly journals Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 1273-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie ◽  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
Kristina Heyer ◽  
Victoria M. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Starchy Food ◽  
Children's Nutrition ◽  
Activity Survey

There are no published data regarding the overall dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents. We therefore aim to describe the dietary GI and GL of participants of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2007ANCNPAS), and to identify the main foods contributing to their GL. Children, aged 2–16 years, who provided two 24 h recalls in the 2007ANCNPAS were included. A final dataset of 4184 participants was analysed. GI of each food item was assigned using a previously published method. GL was calculated, and food groups contributing to the GL were described by age group and sex. The weighted mean dietary GI and GL of the participants were 54 (sd 5) and 136 (sd 44), respectively. Among the nutrients examined, Ca had the highest inverse relationship with GI (P < 0·001), while percentage energy from starch was most positively associated with GI. The association between fibre density and GI was modest, and percentage energy from sugar had an inverse relationship with GI. Daily dietary GL contributed by energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor (EDNP) items in subjects aged 14–16 years was more than doubled that of subjects aged 2–3 years. To conclude, Australian children and adolescents were having a high-GI dietary pattern characterised by high-starchy food intake and low Ca intake. A significant proportion of their dietary GL was from EDNP foods. Efforts to reduce dietary GI and GL in children and adolescents should focus on energy-dense starchy foods.

scholarly journals Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and indices of body fatness in British children and adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Murakami ◽  
Tracy A. McCaffrey ◽  
M. Barbara E. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Dietary Record

The diversity of the associations of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with dietary intake and body fatness observed in epidemiological studies may be partly due to the differences in underlying dietary intake patterns. We examined the cross-sectional associations of dietary GI and GL with food and nutrient intakes and indices of body fatness in 818 children aged 4–10 years and 818 adolescents aged 11–18 years in Britain, based on the data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using a 7 d weighed dietary record. Overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile of the age- and sex-specific British growth reference data. Central obesity was defined as waist:height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0·5 (adolescents only). Breads, breakfast cereals and potatoes were the positive predictive food groups for dietary GI, while dairy products, fruit juice, other cereals and fruit were the negative predictors. Dietary GL was closely correlated with carbohydrate intake. Dietary GI showed no associations with overweight or central obesity. Conversely, dietary GL showed an independent association with a higher risk of overweight in children and a higher risk of central obesity (but not overweight) in adolescents. However, dietary GI and GL were not associated with BMI z-score in children and adolescents or WHtR in adolescents. In conclusion, the present study showed that dietary GL was independently associated with overweight in children and with central obesity in adolescents. Nevertheless, given no associations when body fatness measures were treated as continuous variables, the results must be interpreted cautiously.

scholarly journals Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents: results from the 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Jones ◽  
Alan W. Barclay ◽  
Jennie C. Brand-Miller ◽  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Australian Health ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Subject Characteristic ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents, as well as the major food groups contributing to GL, in the recent 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey. Plausible food intake data from 1876 children and adolescents (51 % boys), collected using a multiple-pass 24-h recall, were analysed. The GI of foods was assigned based on a step-wise published method using values from common GI databases. Descriptive statistics were calculated for dietary GI, GL and contribution to GL by food groups, stratified by age group and sex. Linear regression was used to test for trends across age groups for BMI, dietary GI and GL, and intakes of energy, nutrients and food groups. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to test for differences between age groups for categorical subject characteristic variables. Mean dietary GI and GL of participants were 55·5 (sd 5·3) and 137·4 (sd 50·8), respectively. The main contributors to dietary GL were starchy foods: breads, cereal-based dishes, breakfast cereals, flours, grains and potatoes accounted for 41 % of total GL. Sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetable juices/drinks, cake-type desserts and sweet biscuits contributed 15 %. No significant difference (at P<0·001) was observed between sexes. In conclusion, Australian children and adolescents appear to consume diets with a lower GI than European children. Exchanging high-GI foods for low-GI alternatives within core and non-core foods may improve diet quality of Australian children and adolescents.

scholarly journals The impact of complex survey design on prevalence estimates of intakes of food groups in the Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1362-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Burden ◽  
Yasmine Probst ◽  
David Steel ◽  
Linda Tapsell
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Complex Survey ◽  
Children's Nutrition ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Complex Survey Design ◽  
Activity Survey ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of the complex survey design used in the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (ANCNPAS07) on prevalence estimates for intakes of groups of foods in the population of children.DesignThe impacts on prevalence estimates were determined by calculating design effects for values for food group consumption. The implications of ignoring elements of the sample design including stratification, clustering and weighting are discussed.SettingThe ANCNPAS07 used a complex sample design involving stratification, a high degree of clustering and estimation weights.SubjectsAustralian children aged 2–16 years.ResultsDesign effects ranging from <1 to 5 were found for the values of mean consumption and proportion of the population consuming the food groups. When survey weights were ignored, prevalence estimates were also biased.ConclusionsIgnoring the complex survey design used in the ANCNPAS07 could result in underestimating the width of confidence intervals, higher mean square errors and biased estimators. The magnitude of these effects depends on both the parameter under consideration and the chosen estimator.

scholarly journals Intake of total and added sugars and nutrient dilution in Australian children and adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1875-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie ◽  
Linda C. Tapsell
Keyword(s):  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
National Nutrition Survey ◽  
Children's Nutrition ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
Nutrient Reference Values ◽  
Activity Survey

AbstractThis analysis aimed to examine the association between intake of sugars (total or added) and nutrient intake with data from a recent Australian national nutrition survey, the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2007ANCNPAS). Data from participants (n 4140; 51 % male) who provided 2×plausible 24-h recalls were included in the analysis. The values on added sugars for foods were estimated using a previously published ten-step systematic methodology. Reported intakes of nutrients and foods defined in the 2007ANCNPAS were analysed by age- and sex-specific quintiles of %energy from added sugars (%EAS) or %energy from total sugars (%ETS) using ANCOVA. Linear trends across the quintiles were examined using multiple linear regression. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the OR of not meeting a specified nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand per unit in %EAS or %ETS. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI z-score and total energy intake. Small but significant negative associations were seen between %EAS and the intakes of most nutrient intakes (all P<0·001). For %ETS the associations with nutrient intakes were inconsistent; even then they were smaller than that for %EAS. In general, higher intakes of added sugars were associated with lower intakes of most nutrient-rich, ‘core’ food groups and higher intakes of energy-dense, nutrient-poor ‘extra’ foods. In conclusion, assessing intakes of added sugars may be a better approach for addressing issues of diet quality compared with intakes of total sugars.

scholarly journals Dietary Sugar Intake and Its Association with Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Emmanuella Magriplis ◽  
George Michas ◽  
Evgenia Petridi ◽  
George P. Chrousos ◽  
Eleftheria Roma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages

Sugar intake has been associated with increased prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity; however, results remain controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the probability of overweight/obesity with higher sugar intakes, accounting for other dietary intakes. Data from 1165 children and adolescents aged ≥2–18 years (66.8% males) enrolled in the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS) were used; specifically, 781 children aged 2–11 years and 384 adolescents 12–18 years. Total and added sugar intake were assessed using two 24 h recalls (24 hR). Foods were categorized into specific food groups to evaluate the main foods contributing to intakes. A significant proportion of children (18.7%) and adolescents (24.5%) exceeded the recommended cut-off of 10% of total energy intake from added sugars. Sweets (29.8%) and processed/refined grains and cereals (19.1%) were the main sources of added sugars in both age groups, while in adolescents, the third main contributor was sugar-sweetened beverages (20.6%). Being overweight or obese was 2.57 (p = 0.002) and 1.77 (p = 0.047) times more likely for intakes ≥10% of total energy from added sugars compared to less <10%, when accounting for food groups and macronutrient intakes, respectively. The predicted probability of becoming obese was also significant with higher total and added-sugar consumption. We conclude that high consumption of added sugars increased the probability for overweight/obesity among youth, irrespectively of other dietary or macronutrient intakes.

scholarly journals Glycaemic index and glycaemic load in the diet of healthy schoolchildren: trends from 1990 to 2002, contribution of different carbohydrate sources and relationships to dietary quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 796-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
Wiebke Dettmann ◽  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Anja Kroke
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Mashed Potatoes ◽  
A Minor

Despite intense discussion of the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) concepts, data on the GI or GL levels in the diet of children are scarce. The present analysis determined trends in the levels of GI or GL of healthy children from 1990 to 2002 and examined the contribution of carbohydrate (CHO) sources to the overall GL, and the relationships of the GI and GL to the overall dietary quality. The analysis includes three cohorts of participants from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed study, aged 7–8 years in 1990 (n 53), 1996 (n 46) and 2002 (n 56). A GI value was assigned to all CHO foods recorded over three consecutive days. In comparison with 1990, 7–8-year-old children in 2002 had slightly higher GI (56·5 v. 55·1%; P=0·03) and GL (17·5 v. 16·7g/MJ; P=0·04) levels. In all three time periods the combined contribution of the ‘tolerated food groups’ (i.e. sweets, soft drinks, cakes and cookies, and salty snacks) to the overall GL exceeded that of bread and rolls (1990, 31 v. 24%; 1996, 29 v. 31%; 2002, 28 v. 25%). Conversely, rice and fried or mashed potatoes had only a minor impact. Children in the lowest GI tertile, but not those in the lowest GL tertile, had a better nutrient profile and a more favourable food choice. In conclusion, partial replacement of high-GI ‘tolerated food groups’ for low-GI foods would help to reverse the slight recent increases in GI and GL, and to improve the overall dietary quality of 7–8-year-old children.

scholarly journals A Japanese diet with low glycaemic index and glycaemic load is associated with both favourable and unfavourable aspects of dietary intake patterns in three generations of women

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoko Inomaki ◽  
Kentaro Murakami ◽  
M Barbara E Livingstone ◽  
Hitomi Okubo ◽  
Satomi Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Japanese Women ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Glycaemic Load

AbstractObjectiveWestern studies have suggested cultural differences in food and nutrient intake patterns associated with dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL). Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the GI and GL of Japanese diets in relation to food and nutrient intakes.DesignDietary intake was assessed using a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire.SettingA total of thirty-five of forty-seven prefectures in Japan.SubjectsYoung (age 18 years), middle-aged (mean age 48 years) and older (mean age 74 years) Japanese women (n 3961, 3800 and 2202, respectively).ResultsIrrespective of age, a positive association with dietary GI was seen for white rice only, which contributed most (37–42 %) to the variation in dietary GI. Conversely, all other food groups (such as fruit and vegetable juice, dairy products, noodles and fruit) were negative predictors of dietary GI. For dietary GL, 95–96 % of variation was explained by carbohydrate-rich food groups, all of which were positive predictors of GL. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, only carbohydrate intake was positively associated with dietary GI and GL, irrespective of age. Conversely, dietary GI and GL were inversely associated with intakes of all other nutrients examined (including SFA and Na).ConclusionsA low-GI and -GL diet, which was characterized principally by a low intake of white rice, was associated with both favourable (higher intakes of dietary fibre and key vitamins and minerals) and unfavourable (higher intakes of SFA and Na) aspects of dietary intake patterns in three generations of Japanese women.

scholarly journals Nutritional correlates of dietary glycaemic index: new aspects from a population perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy Schulz ◽  
Angela D. Liese ◽  
Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis ◽  
Ralph B. D'Agostino ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Disease Aetiology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Modified Block ◽  
Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

The role of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) in disease aetiology is of increasing interest. However, nutritional factors related to dietary GI and GL are not well understood from a population perspective. We aimed to investigate the relation ship between GI and GL and dietary intake at the food and nutrient level. Study subjects were 1071 non-diabetic adults from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, Exam I, 1992–4. Usual dietary intake was assessed with a 114-item modified Block food frequency questionnaire. Published GI values were assigned to food line items. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Intake of white bread, beer, meats and fries/fried potatoes was positively associated with average GI, as was fat, starch and alcohol intake (before and after energy adjustment). Intake of fruits and low-fat milk was inversely associated with GI, as were intakes of mono- and disaccharides, and fibre. GL was positively correlated with carbohydrate foods and inversely with non-carbohydrate foods. Gender-specific regression models identified eight food groups explaining 63 % (men) and 55 % (women) total GI variation after adjusting for demographics; 70 % of variation in GL was explained by eleven (men) and nine (women) food groups, respectively. Although the GI of a food is an indicator of the ability of carbohydrates to raise blood glucose, dietary GI, unlike GL, appears to reflect more dimensions of diet than just carbohydrates, such as the combination of foods consumed. This may have implications for the interpretation of dietary GI in epidemiologic studies.

scholarly journals Effect of cassava on proximate composition, insulin index, glycemic profile, load, and index in healthy individuals: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Blessing Myke-Mbata ◽  
Simeon Adelani Adebisi ◽  
Terry Terfa Gbaa ◽  
Basil Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Starchy Food ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The Impact

Background: The major challenge in Africa is the growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome which has been attributed to changing lifestyles in developing countries. The impact of the commonly available staple starchy food; eaten in this environment may also be a factor contributing to growing concerns of metabolic syndrome. Hence, the need to assess the affordable staple starchy foods. Cassava is the most consumed staple starchy food in our environment; therefore, our study evaluated its impact on glycaemic and insulin response in consumers.Aim: To determine Insulin Index (II), glycaemic profile (GP), glycaemic load (GL) and Glycaemic Index (GI), incremental glucose peak value (IGPV), and glycaemic profile index (GPI) of cassava food meals.Methods: Participants ingested three cassava processed products (cassava dough [fufu], chips [Abacha], and flakes [garri] (the equivalent of 50g glucose) and 50 g of reference meal (glucose solution). Fasting and post-prandial samples were taken for blood glucose and insulin however sample for glucose was taken at intervals of 30 mins to a maximum of 180mins and   120 mins for insulin, respectively.Result: The GI for cassava dough, flakes and chips were 93.26; 95.92 and 91.94, respectively. Their glycaemic load was 46.62; 47.96 and 45.97, respectively. The glycaemic profile index was 37.34; 41.41 and 46.19, respectively. In addition, the insulin index was 55.83; 69.36 and 97.02. The proximate analysis showed protein, moisture, fibre, fat, ash, and carbohydrate content as follows the cassava (%) (crude form) 1.075%; 72.00%; 0.80%; 0.58%; 0.35%; 25.07%, Chips 1.44%; 59.13%; 0.73%; 1.71%; 36.83%, flakes 1.82%; 67.36%; 0.15%; 0.91%; 0.25%; 39.64% and dough 1.56%; 67.51%; 0.21%; 0.52%; 0.20%; 30.22% respectively.Conclusion: II, GP, GL, and GI of cassava dough (fufu), cassava flakes(garri)and cassava chips (Abacha) were found to be high. Unregulated dietary intake in adults may lead to metabolic diseases.Keywords: Glycaemic index, Glycaemic load, Glycaemic profile, Cassava, Makurdi

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