scholarly journals Dietary Sugar Intake and Its Association with Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Emmanuella Magriplis ◽  
George Michas ◽  
Evgenia Petridi ◽  
George P. Chrousos ◽  
Eleftheria Roma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages

Sugar intake has been associated with increased prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity; however, results remain controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the probability of overweight/obesity with higher sugar intakes, accounting for other dietary intakes. Data from 1165 children and adolescents aged ≥2–18 years (66.8% males) enrolled in the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS) were used; specifically, 781 children aged 2–11 years and 384 adolescents 12–18 years. Total and added sugar intake were assessed using two 24 h recalls (24 hR). Foods were categorized into specific food groups to evaluate the main foods contributing to intakes. A significant proportion of children (18.7%) and adolescents (24.5%) exceeded the recommended cut-off of 10% of total energy intake from added sugars. Sweets (29.8%) and processed/refined grains and cereals (19.1%) were the main sources of added sugars in both age groups, while in adolescents, the third main contributor was sugar-sweetened beverages (20.6%). Being overweight or obese was 2.57 (p = 0.002) and 1.77 (p = 0.047) times more likely for intakes ≥10% of total energy from added sugars compared to less <10%, when accounting for food groups and macronutrient intakes, respectively. The predicted probability of becoming obese was also significant with higher total and added-sugar consumption. We conclude that high consumption of added sugars increased the probability for overweight/obesity among youth, irrespectively of other dietary or macronutrient intakes.

scholarly journals Food consumption of sugarcane workers' families in the Brazilian Northeast

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
Vanessa Messias Muniz ◽  
Débora Silva Cavalcanti ◽  
Nayalla Morais de Lima ◽  
Mônica Maria Osório
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the food intake of sugarcane workers' family members. METHODS: The food intake of 159 family members of sugarcane workers from Gameleira, Pernambuco, Brazilian Northeast, was investigated by directly weighing the foods on three non-consecutive days. The percent risk of inadequate macro- and micronutrient intakes was analyzed according to the Reference Dietary Intakes. The macronutrients were analyzed in relation to acceptable distribution intervals. The energy consumed from the various food groups was expressed as a ratio of the total energy intake. RESULTS: The median intake of carbohydrates and proteins remained above the Estimated Average Requirement, and all age groups presented a low risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes. The median intakes of riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, and iron remained above the Estimated Average Requirement for all age groups, but children aged 1-3 years presented a high percent risk of inadequate iron intake. All age groups presented high percent risk of inadequate zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C intakes. Grains and derivatives had a greater participation in the total energy intake, especially in men aged 19-30 years. The group "milk and dairy products" had a greater participation in the diet of children aged 1-3 years. CONCLUSION: The low percent risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes in all age groups was opposed to the high risk of inadequate mineral and vitamin intakes, making the population vulnerable to nutritional disorders caused by excess macronutrient intake and inadequate micronutrient intake.

scholarly journals Dietary sources of energy and nutrients in the contemporary diet of Inuit adults: results from the 2007–08 Inuit Health Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1319-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiff-Annie Kenny ◽  
Xue Feng Hu ◽  
Harriet V Kuhnlein ◽  
Sonia D Wesche ◽  
Hing Man Chan
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
Country Food ◽  
Proportion Method

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the major components of the contemporary Inuit diet and identify the primary sources of energy and essential nutrients.DesignDietary data were derived from the 24 h recall collected by the Inuit Health Survey (IHS) from 2007 to 2008. The population proportion method was used to determine the percentage contribution of each group. Unique food items/preparations (ninety-three country foods and 1591 market foods) were classified into eight country food groups and forty-one market food groups. Nutrient composition of each food item was obtained from the Canadian Nutrient File.SettingThirty-six communities across three Inuit regions of northern Canada.SubjectsA representative sample (n2095) of non-pregnant Inuit adults (≥18 years), selected through stratified random sampling.ResultsDespite their modest contribution to total energy intake (6·4–19·6 %, by region) country foods represented a major source of protein (23–52 %), Fe (28–54 %), niacin (24–52 %) and vitamins D (up to 73 %), B6(18–55 %) and B12(50–82 %). By contrast, the three most popular energy-yielding market foods (i.e. sweetened beverages, added sugar and bread) collectively contributed approximately 20 % of total energy, while contributing minimally to most micronutrients. A notable exception was the contribution of these foods to Ca (13–21 %) and vitamins E (17–35 %) and C (as much as 50 %). Solid fruits were consumed by less than 25 % of participants while vegetables were reported by 38–59 % of respondents.ConclusionsCountry foods remain a critical dimension of the contemporary Inuit diet.

scholarly journals Dietary intake and food sources of added sugar in the Australian population

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linggang Lei ◽  
Anna Rangan ◽  
Victoria M. Flood ◽  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Australian Health ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Adults And Children

AbstractPrevious studies in Australian children/adolescents and adults examining added sugar (AS) intake were based on now out-of-date national surveys. We aimed to examine the AS and free sugar (FS) intakes and the main food sources of AS among Australians, using plausible dietary data collected by a multiple-pass, 24-h recall, from the 2011–12 Australian Health Survey respondents (n 8202). AS and FS intakes were estimated using a previously published method, and as defined by the WHO, respectively. Food groups contributing to the AS intake were described and compared by age group and sex by one-way ANOVA. Linear regression was used to test for trends across age groups. Usual intake of FS (as percentage energy (%EFS)) was computed using a published method and compared with the WHO cut-off of <10 %EFS. The mean AS intake of the participants was 60·3 (sd 52·6) g/d. Sugar-sweetened beverages accounted for the greatest proportion of the AS intake of the Australian population (21·4 (sd 30·1) %), followed by sugar and sweet spreads (16·3 (sd 24·5) %) and cakes, biscuits, pastries and batter-based products (15·7 (sd 24·4) %). More than half of the study population exceeded the WHO’s cut-off for FS, especially children and adolescents. Overall, 80–90 % of the daily AS intake came from high-sugar energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor foods. To conclude, the majority of Australian adults and children exceed the WHO recommendation for FS intake. Efforts to reduce AS intake should focus on energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor foods.

scholarly journals Sources of Energy, Empty Calories, Added Sugars, and Solid Fats Among Children and Adolescents 2–18 Years in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 296-296
Author(s):  
Edwina Wambogo ◽  
Jill Reedy ◽  
Marissa Shams-White ◽  
Kirsten Herrick ◽  
Jennifer Lerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives To identify top dietary sources of energy, empty calories, added sugars, and solid fats among 2–18 year old children and adolescents in the U.S. and describe trends. Methods Day 1 24-hour dietary recalls from the NHANES Survey were categorized according to the What We Eat in America Food categories and used to examine food sources (percentage contribution and mean intake) of total energy and energy from added sugars and solid fats (collectively, empty calories). Trends over time between 2007–2016 were examined in 2–18-year-olds. Significance was set at P &lt; 0.05. Results The top five sources of energy overall from 2007–2016 for 2–18-year-olds were pizza (5.8%), other sandwiches (3.9%), soft drinks (3.4%), cakes and brownies (3.1%), and flavored milk (2.6%). Energy intake decreased between 2007–08 to 2015–16, largest decrease between 2011–12 to 2015–16 for 2–3-year-olds (–8.7%, P = 0.02) and for 4–8-year-olds (–6.8%, P = 0.0005); and from 2009–10 to 2015–16 for 14–18-year-olds (–7.0%, P = 0.005). In all age groups, empty calories declined, regardless of energy intake. Nevertheless, in all age groups, &gt;25% of total energy intake came from empty calories: 2–3-year-olds (26.1%–30.0%), 4–8-year-olds (30.0%–33.6%), 9–13-year-olds (30.2%–34.4%), and 14–18-year-olds (30.5%–35.5%). Over time the top sources of energy and empty calories did not vary greatly within each age group, but with increasing age, there was a shift from beverages to solid foods, and in types of beverages. For example, of the top five energy sources among 2–3 year-olds, four were beverages (flavored milk, 3.9–5.7%; whole milk, 3.4–5.4%; reduced fat milk, 4.2–5.3%, and fruit drinks, 2.9–3.1%), among 4–8 year-olds, two were beverages (flavored milk, 3.2–4.7% and fruit drinks, 3.1–3.3%), and among 9–13 year-olds and 14–18 year-olds, mainly soft drinks (3.4–4.7% and 4.1–6.3%, respectively), and in some years, fruit drinks (2.7% and 2.9%, respectively). Conclusions There is an overlap in top sources of energy and empty calories: flavored milk, fruit drinks, whole milk, reduced fat milk, soft drinks, pizza, cookies and brownies, and other sandwiches. Continued research on how the sources of empty calories transition from early childhood into adolescence can inform how to modify the food landscape to include fewer empty calorie foods and potentially address excess energy intake. Funding Sources N/A.

scholarly journals Associations of added sugar from all sources and sugar-sweetened beverages with regional fat deposition in U.S. adolescents: NHANES 1999–2006

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Cioffi ◽  
Jean A Welsh ◽  
Jessica A Alvarez ◽  
Terryl J Hartman ◽  
K M Venkat Narayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Total Fat

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youth. Dietary correlates of adolescent regional body fat distribution are under-studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in U.S. adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6,585 adolescents (12–19 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 1999–2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with trunk fat/leg fat ratio (TLR) and trunk fat/total fat ratio (TTR). RESULTS There were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared to the lowest category of intake (<2% TEI), the highest category (>22% TEI) was associated with higher log-TLR (β (95% CI).>22% TEI vs. < 2% TEI: 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially-adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, smoking status as covariates (P-trend = 0.0001 for both). When body mass index (BMI) z-score and total energy intake were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI): 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend = 0.0018; TTR β (95% CI): 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend = 0.0004]. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings.

scholarly journals Consumption of Low-calorie Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Higher Total Energy and Sugar Intake and Poorer Diet Quality Among US Children and Adolescents (P18-109-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Sylvetsky ◽  
Janet Figueroa ◽  
Talia Zimmerman ◽  
Jean Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
National Level ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages

Abstract Objectives Low-calorie sweetened beverages (LCSBs) are an increasingly consumed alternative to sugary beverages (SBs), yet their impact on children's overall diet is unclear. We aimed to compare total energy, macronutrient intake, and diet quality assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015), among consumers of LCSBs (alone or concurrently with SB use) with those reporting SB (sugar-sweetened beverages plus fruit juices) or water consumption, using national-level data collected during the five most recent 2-year cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods We used 24-hour dietary recalls from 10,257 children enrolled in NHANES 2007–2016 to assess energy and macronutrient intake and calculate adjusted mean HEI-2015 scores among children and adolescents categorized by their beverage intake over the previous 24 hours as follows: LCSB consumers (≥4oz. LCSB, <4oz SB), SB consumers (≥4oz SB, <4oz LCSB), and LCSB + SB consumers (≥4oz each) compared to water consumers (≥4oz water, <4oz LCSB and <4 oz SBs). Sample weights and complex survey procedures were used for all analyses. Results Adjusting for socio-demographic factors and BMI percentile, LCSB, SB, and LCSB + SB total energy intake was 184, 348, and 413 kcal higher and added sugar intake was 40, 164, and 180 kcal higher, respectively, compared to among water consumers (P < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). Overall diet quality was also significantly lower for LCSB, SB, and LCSB + SB consumers compared to water consumers (HEI-2015 scores of 49.0 ± 0.9, 49.1 ± 0.3, 48.9 ± 0.6, and 51.7 ± 0.6 for LCSB, SB, LCSB + SB, and water, respectively, P < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). Conclusions While cross-sectional analyses cannot establish causation, these findings challenge the utility of LCSB for weight management in children and adolescents. Our results align with current recommendations that water is the best alternative to SBs in children. Funding Sources This work was funded by the Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness Pilot Studies Program.

scholarly journals Changes in Total Energy, Nutrients and Food Group Intake among Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Results of the DONALD Study

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Ines Perrar ◽  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Nicole Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic may have changed the habitual lifestyles of children and adolescents, in particular, due to the closure of kindergartens and schools. To investigate the impact of the pandemic on nutrients and food intake of children and adolescents in Germany, we analyzed repeated 3-day weighed dietary records from 108 participants (3–18 years; females: n = 45, males: n = 63) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study. Polynomial mixed-effects regression models were used to identify prospective changes in dietary intake (total energy (TEI), carbohydrates, fat, protein, free sugar, ultra-processed foods, fruits and vegetables, sugar sweetened beverages and juices) before and during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the current analysis, we have chosen the first months of the pandemic (March 2020–August 2020), as this was the period with the most restrictions in Germany so far (kindergarten, school and restaurant closures; contact and outdoor activity restrictions). No significant changes in either the selected nutrients or food groups were observed. However, children and adolescents recorded a significantly lower TEI during the pandemic (β = −109.65, p = 0.0062). Results remained significant after the exclusion of participants with under-reported records (β = −95.77, p = 0.0063). While macronutrient intake did not change, descriptive data indicate a non-significant decrease in sugar sweetened beverages and ultra-processed foods intake. We suggest that children and adolescents from high socioeconomic families may have adapted lifestyle changes during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents: results from the 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Jones ◽  
Alan W. Barclay ◽  
Jennie C. Brand-Miller ◽  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Australian Health ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Glycaemic Load ◽  
Subject Characteristic ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents, as well as the major food groups contributing to GL, in the recent 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey. Plausible food intake data from 1876 children and adolescents (51 % boys), collected using a multiple-pass 24-h recall, were analysed. The GI of foods was assigned based on a step-wise published method using values from common GI databases. Descriptive statistics were calculated for dietary GI, GL and contribution to GL by food groups, stratified by age group and sex. Linear regression was used to test for trends across age groups for BMI, dietary GI and GL, and intakes of energy, nutrients and food groups. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to test for differences between age groups for categorical subject characteristic variables. Mean dietary GI and GL of participants were 55·5 (sd 5·3) and 137·4 (sd 50·8), respectively. The main contributors to dietary GL were starchy foods: breads, cereal-based dishes, breakfast cereals, flours, grains and potatoes accounted for 41 % of total GL. Sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetable juices/drinks, cake-type desserts and sweet biscuits contributed 15 %. No significant difference (at P<0·001) was observed between sexes. In conclusion, Australian children and adolescents appear to consume diets with a lower GI than European children. Exchanging high-GI foods for low-GI alternatives within core and non-core foods may improve diet quality of Australian children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Free Sugars Consumption in Canada

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1471
Author(s):  
Huma Rana ◽  
Marie-Claude Mallet ◽  
Alejandro Gonzalez ◽  
Marie-France Verreault ◽  
Sylvie St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Baked Products

Free sugars (FS) are associated with a higher risk of dental decay in children and an increased risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity and type 2 diabetes. For this reason, Canada’s Food Guide recommends limiting foods and beverages that contribute to excess free sugars consumption. Estimating FS intakes is needed to inform policies and interventions aimed at reducing Canadians’ consumption of FS. The objective of this study was to estimate FS intake of Canadians using a new method that estimated the free sugars content of foods in the Canadian Nutrient File, the database used in national nutrition surveys. We define FS as sugars present in food products in which the structure has been broken down. We found that 12% of total energy (about 56 g) comes from FS in the diet of Canadians 1 year of age and older (≥1 year). The top four sources were: (1) sugars, syrups, preserves, confectionary, desserts; (2) soft drinks; (3) baked products and (4) juice (without added sugars), and accounted for 60% of total free sugars intake. The results show that efforts need to be sustained to help Canadians, particularly children and adolescents, to reduce their FS intake.

scholarly journals Objective Biomarkers for Total Added Sugar Intake – Are We on a Wild Goose Chase?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429-1436
Author(s):  
Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
Keyword(s):  
Human Physiology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Dietary Assessment Methods ◽  
Nutritional Sciences ◽  
Wild Goose

ABSTRACT Misreporting of added sugar intake has been the major criticism of studies linking high added sugar consumption to adverse health outcomes. Despite the advancement in dietary assessment methodologies, the bias introduced by self-reporting can never be completely eliminated. The search for an objective biomarker for total added sugar intake has therefore been a topic of interest. In this article, the reasons this search may be a wild goose chase will be outlined and discussed. The limitations and inability of the 2 candidate biomarkers, namely urinary sucrose and fructose and δ¹³C isotope, which are based on the 2 only possible ways (i.e., difference in metabolism and plant sources) to identify added sugar based on current knowledge in human physiology and food and nutritional sciences, are discussed in detail. Validation studies have shown that these 2 candidate biomarkers are unlikely to be suitable for use as a predictive or calibration biomarker for total added sugar intake. Unless advancement in our understanding in human physiology and food and nutritional sciences leads to new potential ways to distinguish between naturally occurring and added sugars, it is extremely unlikely that any accurate objective added sugar biomarker could be found. It may be time to stop the futile effort in searching for such a biomarker, and resources may be better spent on further improving and innovating dietary assessment methods to minimize the bias introduced by self-reporting.

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