In vitrocolonic metabolism of coffee and chlorogenic acid results in selective changes in human faecal microbiota growth

Coffee is a relatively rich source of chlorogenic acids (CGA), which, as other polyphenols, have been postulated to exert preventive effects against CVD and type 2 diabetes. As a considerable proportion of ingested CGA reaches the large intestine, CGA may be capable of exerting beneficial effects in the large gut. Here, we utilise a stirred, anaerobic, pH-controlled, batch culture fermentation model of the distal region of the colon in order to investigate the impact of coffee and CGA on the growth of the human faecal microbiota. Incubation of coffee samples with the human faecal microbiota led to the rapid metabolism of CGA (4 h) and the production of dihydrocaffeic acid and dihydroferulic acid, while caffeine remained unmetabolised. The coffee with the highest levels of CGA (P< 0·05, relative to the other coffees) induced a significant increase in the growth ofBifidobacteriumspp. relative to the control vessel at 10 h after exposure (P< 0·05). Similarly, an equivalent quantity of CGA (80·8 mg, matched with that in high-CGA coffee) induced a significant increase in the growth ofBifidobacteriumspp. (P< 0·05). CGA alone also induced a significant increase in the growth of theClostridium coccoides–Eubacteriumrectalegroup (P< 0·05). This selective metabolism and subsequent amplification of specific bacterial populations could be beneficial to host health.

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Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2017.272336 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 72-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Piriyah Sinclair ◽

Neil Docherty ◽

Carel W le Roux

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Metabolic Surgery ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND Obesity can be defined as a chronic subcortical brain disease, as there is an important neurophysiological component to its etiology based on changes in the functioning of those areas of the brain controlling food intake and reward. Extensive metabolic changes accompany bariatric surgery-based treatment of obesity. Consequently, the term “metabolic” surgery is being increasingly adopted in relation to the beneficial effects these procedures have on chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes. CONTENT In the present review, we focus on the key biochemical and physiological changes induced by metabolic surgery and highlight the beneficial effects accrued systemically with the use of an organ-based approach. Understanding the impact on and interactions between the gut, brain, adipose tissue, liver, muscle, pancreas, and kidney is key to understanding the sum of the metabolic effects of these operations. SUMMARY Further mechanistic studies are essential to assess the true potential of metabolic surgery to treat metabolic comorbidities of obesity beyond type 2 diabetes. Approaches that may mitigate the metabolic side effects of surgery also require attention. Understanding the positive impact of metabolic surgery on metabolic health may result in a wider acceptance of this intervention as treatment for metabolic, comorbid conditions.

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Curcumin and Other Polyphenolic Compounds in Head and Neck Cancer Chemoprevention

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2012/902716 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Philipp Baumeister ◽

Maximilian Reiter ◽

Ulrich Harréus

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Cancer Chemoprevention ◽

Field Cancerization ◽

Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽

Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽

High Concentration ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Impact ◽

Preventive Effects

Despite clear results of observational studies linking a diet rich in fruits and vegetables to a decreased cancer risk, large interventional trials evaluating the impact of dietary micronutrient supplementation, mostly vitamins, could not show any beneficial effects. Today it has become clear that a single micronutrient, given in supernutritional doses, cannot match cancer preventive effects of whole fruits and vegetables. In this regard polyphenols came into focus, not only because of their antioxidant potential but also because of their ability to interact with molecular targets within the cells. Because polyphenols occur in many foods and beverages in high concentration and evidence for their anticancer activity is best for tissues they can come into direct contact with, field cancerization predestines upper aerodigestive tract epithelium for cancer chemoprevention by polyphenols. In this paper, we summarize cancer chemopreventive attempts with emphasis on head and neck carcinogenesis and discuss some methodological issues. We present data regarding antimutagenic effects of curcumin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human oropharyngeal mucosa cultures exposed to cigarette smoke condensate.

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Inflammation during obesity is not all bad: evidence from animal and human studies

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 304 (5) ◽

pp. E466-E477 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Jianping Ye ◽

Owen P. McGuinness

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

The Impact

Chronic inflammation is a characteristic of obesity and is associated with accompanying insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although proinflammatory cytokines are known for their detrimental effects on adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity, their beneficial effects in the regulation of metabolism have not drawn sufficient attention. In obesity, inflammation is initiated by a local hypoxia to augment angiogenesis and improve adipose tissue blood supply. A growing body of evidence suggests that macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines are essential for adipose remodeling and adipocyte differentiation. Phenotypes of multiple lines of transgenic mice consistently suggest that proinflammatory cytokines increase energy expenditure and act to prevent obesity. Removal of proinflammatory cytokines by gene knockout decreases energy expenditure and induces adult-onset obesity. In contrast, elevation of proinflammatory cytokines augments energy expenditure and decreases the risk for obesity. Anti-inflammatory therapies have been tested in more than a dozen clinical trials to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in patients with T2DM, and the results are not encouraging. One possible explanation is that anti-inflammatory therapies also attenuate the beneficial effects of inflammation in stimulating energy expenditure, which may have limited the efficacy of the treatment by promoting energy accumulation. Thus, the positive effects of proinflammatory events should be considered in evaluating the impact of inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

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Irisin as a Multifunctional Protein: Implications for Health and Certain Diseases

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55080485 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 485 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Paulina Korta ◽

Ewa Pocheć ◽

Agnieszka Mazur-Biały

Keyword(s):

Protein Molecule ◽

Migration And Invasion ◽

Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽

Transmembrane Receptors ◽

Multifunctional Protein ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Sedentary Life Style ◽

The Impact

Sedentary life style is considered to be an independent risk factor for many disorders, including development of type 2 diabetes, obesity, immune dysfunction, asthma, and neurological or coronary heart disease. Irisin is released from myocytes during physical activity, and acts as a link between muscles and other tissues and organs. This myokine is produced as a result of proteolytic cleavage of FNDC5 protein present in the membrane of myocytes. Secretion of irisin is regulated by N-linked oligosaccharides attached to the protein molecule. The two N-glycan molecules, which constitute a significant part of the irisin glycoprotein, regulate the browning of adipocytes, which is the most important function of irisin. A receptor specific for irisin has still not been discovered. In some tissues irisin probably acts via integrins, which are widely expressed transmembrane receptors. Many studies have confirmed the multifunctional role of irisin and the beneficial effects of this molecule on body homeostasis. Irisin reduces systemic inflammation, maintains the balance between resorption and bone formation, and modulates metabolic processes and the functioning of the nervous system. It suppresses the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese individuals and attenuates inflammation in adipose tissue. The impact of irisin on cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion has also been demonstrated in numerous studies, which proves its role in carcinogenesis. Owing to these pleiotropic and beneficial properties, irisin may be a potential option to prevent and treat civilization-related diseases which are, nowadays, considered to be the major health problems in Western societies.

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The impact of hypoxia exposure on glucose homeostasis in metabolically compromised humans: A systematic review

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders ◽

10.1007/s11154-021-09654-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Veerle van Hulten ◽

Rens L. J. van Meijel ◽

Gijs H. Goossens

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Control Group ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Hypoxia Exposure ◽

Lower Oxygen ◽

The Impact ◽

Hypoxic Exercise

AbstractHumans living at a higher altitude are less prone to suffer from impaired glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which might at least partly be explained by lower oxygen availability at higher altitudes. The present systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the current literature on the effects of hypoxia exposure on glucose homeostasis in metabolically compromised humans. Several databases were searched up to August 10th, 2020. The search strategy identified 368 unique records. Following assessment for eligibility based on the selection criteria, 16 studies were included in this review. Six studies (2 controlled studies; 4 uncontrolled studies) demonstrated beneficial effects of hypoxia exposure on glucose homeostasis, while 10 studies (8 controlled studies; 2 uncontrolled studies) reported no improvement in glucose homeostasis following hypoxia exposure. Notably, passive hypoxia exposure seemed to improve glucose homeostasis, whereas hypoxic exercise training (2–8 weeks) appeared to have no additional/synergistic effects on glucose homeostasis compared to normoxia exposure. Due to the heterogeneity in study populations and intervention duration (acute studies / 2–8 wks training), it is difficult to indicate which factors may explain conflicting study outcomes. Moreover, these results should be interpreted with some caution, as several studies did not include a control group. Taken together, hypoxia exposure under resting and exercise conditions might provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve glucose homeostasis in metabolically compromised individuals, but more randomized controlled trials are warranted before strong conclusions on the effects of hypoxia exposure on glucose homeostasis can be drawn.

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The Impact of Obesity on Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db18-1612-p ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 1612-P

Author(s):

NADIRA SULTANA KAKOLY ◽

ARUL EARNEST ◽

HELENA TEEDE ◽

LISA MORAN ◽

DEBORAH LOXTON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

The Impact

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116-LB: Evaluating the Impact of Glucommander on Improvement in Time-in-Range (TIR) in Type 2 Diabetes Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db20-116-lb ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 116-LB

Author(s):

BRUCE W. BODE ◽

JOHN G. CLARKE

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Time In Range ◽

The Impact

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Model estimates of the results of diabetes patients using modern glucometers with tri-color technology for displaying test results

Medical Technologies Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии Оценка и выбор) ◽

10.31556/2219-0678.2019.37.3.081-089 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 81-89

Author(s):

Larisa Dmitrievna Popovich ◽

Svetlana Valentinovna Svetlichnaya ◽

Aleksandr Alekseevich Moiseev

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Test Results ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

The Impact

Diabetes – a disease in which the effect of the treatment substantially depends on the patient. Known a study showed that the use of glucometers with the technology of three-color display of test results facilitates self-monitoring of blood sugar and leads to a decrease in glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Purpose of the study: to modeling the impact of using of a glucometer with a color-coded display on the clinical outcomes of diabetes mellitus and calculating, the potential economic benefits of reducing the hospitalization rate of patients with diabetes. Material and methods. Based on data from two studies (O. Schnell et al. and M. Baxter et al.) simulation of the reduction in the number of complications with the use of a glucometer with a color indication. In a study by O. Schnell et al. a decrease of HbA1c by 0.69 percent is shown when using the considered type of glucometers, which was the basis of the model. Results. In the model, the use of a glucometer with a color-coded display for type 1 diabetes led to a decrease in the total number of complications by 9.2 thousand over 5 years per a cohort of 40 thousand patients with different initial levels of HbA1c. In a cohort of 40 thousand patients with type 2 diabetes, the simulated number of prevented complications was 1.7 thousand over 5 years. When extrapolating these data to all patients with diabetes included in the federal register of diabetes mellitus (FRD), the number of prevented complications was 55.4 thousand cases for type 1 diabetes and 67.1 thousand cases for type 2 diabetes. The possible economic effect from the use of the device by all patients with a diagnosis of diabetes, which are included in the FRD, estimated at 1.5 billion rubles for a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes and 5.3 billion rubles for patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion. Improving the effectiveness of self-monitoring, which is the result of the use of glucometers with color indicators, can potentially significantly reduce the incidence of complications in diabetes and thereby provide significant economic benefits to society.

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HBOT Application at Cases of Gingival Inflammation

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-3736-1(3)-017 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ilma Robo

Keyword(s):

Root Resorption ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Gingival Inflammation ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

New Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Short Period ◽

Mechanical Therapy ◽

The Impact

The treatment of periodontal diseases, mainly of their origin, with the most common clinical manifestation in form of gingival inflammation, is manifold and powerful, including: mechanical therapy, antibiotic, antiseptic and various approaches to treatment, which are recommended to be used within a short period of time. New therapeutic approaches have been proven as alternative treatment to conventional therapy, or in combination with conventional therapies, to reduce the number of periodontopathic pathogens in gingival sulcus. HBOT has a detrimental effect on periodontal microorganisms, as well as beneficial effects on the healing of periodontal tissue, increasing oxygen pressure in gingival pockets. Our study is aimed at reviewing the current published literature on hyperbaric oxygen therapy and focuses on role of HBOT as a therapeutic measure for the individual with periodontal disease in general and for the impact on the recovery of gingival inflammation. HBOT and periodontal treatment together, reduce up to 99% of the gram-negative anaerobic load of subgingival flora. HBOT, significantly reduces subgingival anaerobic flora. Clinical effects in 2-year follow-up of treated patients are sensitive. Reduction of gingival hemorrhage indexes, depth of peritoneum, plaque index, occurs in cases of combination of HBOT and detraction. Reduced load persists up to 2 months after therapy. The significant increase in connective tissue removal starts at the end of 2nd week, to achieve the maximum in week 3-6 of application. HBOT used for re-implantation, stimulates the healing of periodontal membrane, pulp, prevents root resorption, healing of periodontal lining tissues. HBOT, significantly reduces the hemorrhage index with 1.2 value difference, 0.7mm probe depth, reduces gingival fluid by 2. HGH exposure is increased by gingival blood flow, with a difference of 2 in measured value. The therapeutic effects of HBOT in the value of the evaluation index can be saved up to 1-year post treatment.

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