The Political Environment and Foreign Policy Opinions: British Attitudes Toward European Integration, 1972–1979

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Dalton ◽  
Robert Duval
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
De Gaulle

Historically, the drive toward European integration has been in the domain of political elites. The Community was conceived and implemented by Europeanists such as Monnet and Schuman, and shaped by national leaders such as de Gaulle and Adenauer. After the Treaty of Rome established the basic framework of the Community, the details and implementation of policy were largely decided by negotiationş among officials in Brussels or between Community officials and political elites of the member nations.

scholarly journals The Limits of ‘Securitization’: Power, Politics and Process in US Foreign Economic Policy

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Power Politics

AbstractThe concept of ‘securitization’ has become particularly influential in the post-9/11 world. This paper aims to scrutinize and, ultimately, reject an emerging set of claims about political economy which draw upon this framework. The contention that US foreign economic policy is increasingly subject to a process of securitization misrepresents the substance of contemporary US foreign policy, the political environment in which it is articulated and the process by which it is made. Pursuing this argument, the paper sets out a framework within which to understand the evolution of contemporary US policy, paying attention to distinctive forms of the economic–security nexus; the form of ‘ad hoc reactivism’ that has consistently characterized US foreign economic policy; the set of commercial and wider economic goals to which policy responds; and the dynamics of competition for leadership in key regions.

scholarly journals THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES: THE RESULTS OF 30 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Elena Garbuzarova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Countries

After gaining independence in 1991, the Central Asian states, which had no experience in conducting independent foreign policy activities, began to build their own foreign policy coordinate system and develop its conceptual framework. Given their unique geopolitical position and diverse resource potential, the regional states preferred to pursue an open and multi-vector foreign policy, which allowed them to realize their national interests. With regard to the transformational processes in global politics and economy, as well as the geopolitical characteristics of their states, the political elites of the regional states have developed their own approaches to foreign policy. The article analyzes the doctrinal foundations of the Central Asian countries’ foreign policy, and the influence of global factors on the foreign policy formation of the regional states and intraregional cooperation.

scholarly journals Georgia Beyond “Radical Europeanness”: Undiscovered Directions of Foreign Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
A. Т. Sikharulidze
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Relations

Georgia’s turn to the West signifi cantly aff ected its geopolitical and foreign policies. The author shares the view expressed by Georgian scholars that the country’s continued commitment to the Western vector is a direct consequence of ideas expressed by political elites (constructivist theory) and their self-identifi cation as “European,” coupled with Western-style liberal democracy as a social order preference (liberal theory). Georgia’s political elites are driven by the concept of “Europeanness” and thus focus primarily on the state’s aspirations to be integrated into the “Western world,” which is pushing the state towards European and North-Atlantic integration. Georgian elites believe that institutional reunifi cation with “European family” under the NATO defence shield will not only deter Moscow but will fi nally put an end to Moscow’s attempts to bring the post-soviet state under its control. Moreover, due to the tensions between the generalized West and Russian Federation, the Kremlin’s aspirations to stop what it perceives as a geopolitical expansion of the West to the east, Georgia’s approach has become even more radical. The paper argues that the concept of “Europeanness” has been transformed into “radical Europeanness,” meaning that the political elites maintain economic cooperation with non-Western countries, but there is no proactive foreign policy beyond that, even with its most important strategic partners, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. In spite Tbilisi enjoys trade relations with these countries, the existing level of political and military cooperation between them conceals signifi cant bilateral challenges. Additionally, this approach is perfectly refl ected in Georgia’s relations with China, when the country’s political elites pushed for free trade, without attention to the political and geopolitical aspects of economic cooperation. Thus, Georgia – China relations are also the part of research interest in this paper, as the free trade regime between the two countries is subject to serious scrutiny after the Donald Trump administration made it clear that Washington would not welcome Chinese economic and geopolitical expansion in Georgia.

Néstor Kirchner, Santa Cruz, and the Hielos Continentales Controversy 1991–1999

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE ALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Political Controversy

AbstractThis article traces the development of the political controversy in Argentina over the resolution of border issues between Argentina and Chile during the 1990s, examining provincial opposition to the Menem government's proposals for the Hielos Continentales zone in the far southern Andes. It argues that territorial perceptions held by Argentine opponents of the proposals, whilst highly significant, are insufficient to explain domestic opposition to the territorial accords. Instead it suggests that the sensitivity and longevity of the controversy reflected both specific territorial perceptions and anti-Menem dynamics in Argentina. Whilst the article highlights citizen opposition to government policy, it also points to the key role of Néstor Kirchner, at the time governor of the province of Santa Cruz, and subsequently Argentina's president. Kirchner's role in the decade-long controversy highlights two key factors. First, the potential utility of foreign policy issues, and particularly those centred on territory, as a resource in the domestic political environment, and, second, the fact that Kirchner's opposition itself responded at least in part to disputes within Peronism during the 1990s.

scholarly journals Transformation of the Political Discourse of the Ukrainian Elite in the Context of Competition between the Russian Federation and the West: 2004–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-103
Author(s):  
D. I. Yefremov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Hybrid Regimes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One

The article establishes the relationship between the interests of the Ukrainian establishment and the foreign policy vector of Kyiv. The author identified the main actors who determined the specifics of the transformation of the strategic course of Ukraine. On the one hand, the author revealed the critical problems of European integration and on the other hand, the improvement/ degradation of relations with the Russian Federation. The author evaluated the strategic doctrines used by the Ukrainian elite and analysed main changes in the approaches of the Ukrainian establishment. This article considers the reaction of Russian and Ukrainian political elites to the correction of the foreign policy imperatives of the Russian Federation and Ukraine, respectively. Also, the author, using the theory of the “heavy” and “light” fractions of Ukrainian political elites as an example, identifies specific features of the correlation between the replacement/renewal of key elite groups and the adaptation of the strategic vector, including a qualitative rethinking of the approaches inherent in the replaced establishment. On the other hand, the author compared between the declared positions/slogans and specific doctrines/concepts, initiated, for example, by individual actors of the political elite. The author analyses the main reasons for the soft dismantling of the so-called multi-vector diplomacy in favour of the Euro-Atlantic course. Also, in the article, concerning the realities of Ukraine, the influence of the political model of “shapeless pluralism” of hybrid regimes on the transformation of the foreign policy’ agenda.

Dynamics and Factors of Ukraine’s European Integration

2013 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
E. Treshchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Ukrainian Society

EU-Ukraine approximation is an inevitable but complicated process. Being seriously influenced by international environment, it is defined, however, by a complex of interconnected internal factors. This study analyses such factors as perceptions of foreign policy by the Ukrainian society; Ukraine’s institutions efficiency; the quality of bureaucracy; regional choices; characteristics of political elites.

Salazar, London and the Process of European Integration up until the Signing of the Treaty of Rome

2018 ◽  
pp. 265-293
Author(s):  
António Lopes
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The Political ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
The Third ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
The Common

This article aims to shed some light on the political and ideological agendas of both London and Lisbon during the process leading up to the signing of the Treaty of Rome, on 25 March 1957. It focuses on four main questions. The frst one is on how the colonial issue still influenced their attitudes towards the process of European integration. The second one explores how the risks of isolation conditioned their understanding of the commercial and economic potential of a European common market. The third question addresses their inability to identify themselves with the principles and values of the European project. The fourth one seeks to ascertain the views exchanged between the British and Portuguese governments on issues such as the customs union, the common market and the free trade area.

The Presidential Political Center and Foreign Policy: A Critique of the Revisionist and Bureaucratic-Political Orientations

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Perlmutter
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Political Party ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Political Center

Fundamental to modern politics is the fact that politics of security and diplomacy are central to society. Historically, foreign and security politics have been the main priorities of the political center, conducted primarily on that level. Since 1945, these political centers have gained predominance in die U.S. In the absence of well-integrated political elites, a highly centralized political party or parties, and powerful and permanent bureaucracies and civil service, the presidential political center has become the pivotal political center with almost exclusive control over foreign affairs and national security. The locus and degree of power widiin the American political and constitutional context, rather than elite orientations and practices, are identified to explain who dominates American foreign policy.

De Gaulle Between Grain and Grandeur: The Political Economy of French EC Policy, 1958–1970 (Part 1)

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Moravcsik
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
The Common ◽  
Empty Chair ◽  
De Gaulle

The thousands of books and articles on President Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integration all accord primary explanatory importance to his distinctive geopolitical ideology. These analyses place secondary significance, if any at all, on commercial considerations. This two-part article seeks to revise that historiographical consensus by examining the four major decisions toward European integration taken by France during de Gaulle's presidency: to remain in the Common Market and promote the Common Agricultural Policy, to propose the Fouchet Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British accession to the European Economic Community, and to provoke the “empty chair” crisis in 1965–1966. The first two decisions are discussed here, and the other two are covered in Part 2. For each case, the overwhelming bulk of the evidence confirms that the interests pursued by de Gaulle were more commercial than geopolitical.

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