Gender Differences in Fields of Specialization and Placement Outcomes among PhDs in Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nicole Fortin ◽  
Thomas Lemieux ◽  
Marit Rehavi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Job Placement ◽  
Assistant Professors ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent economics PhD candidates. Women are underrepresented as assistant professors, especially at top-50 institutions, and overrepresented in nonresearch positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28 percent to 67 percent of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75 percent to 132 percent) of the explained differences for positions outside of top-50 institutions. For top-50 institutions, the ranking of the PhD institutions accounts for two-thirds of the explained placement differences.

Gender inequities in the online dissemination of scholars’ work

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2102945118
Author(s):  
Orsolya Vásárhelyi ◽  
Igor Zakhlebin ◽  
Staša Milojević ◽  
Emőke-Ágnes Horvát
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Coauthorship Networks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Unbiased science dissemination has the potential to alleviate some of the known gender disparities in academia by exposing female scholars’ work to other scientists and the public. And yet, we lack comprehensive understanding of the relationship between gender and science dissemination online. Our large-scale analyses, encompassing half a million scholars, revealed that female scholars’ work is mentioned less frequently than male scholars’ work in all research areas. When exploring the characteristics associated with online success, we found that the impact of prior work, social capital, and gendered tie formation in coauthorship networks are linked with online success for men, but not for women—even in the areas with the highest female representation. These results suggest that while men’s scientific impact and collaboration networks are associated with higher visibility online, there are no universally identifiable facets associated with success for women. Our comprehensive empirical evidence indicates that the gender gap in online science dissemination is coupled with a lack of understanding the characteristics that are linked with female scholars’ success, which might hinder efforts to close the gender gap in visibility.

Men, Women and the Dynamics of Presidential Approval

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAROLD D. CLARKE ◽  
MARIANNE C. STEWART ◽  
MIKE AULT ◽  
EUEL ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Presidential Transitions ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
The Impact

Although commentary on the ‘gender gap’ is a staple of political discourse in the United States, most analyses of the dynamics of presidential approval have ignored possible gender differences in the forces driving approval ratings of US presidents. This article analyses gender differences in the impact of economic evaluations and political interventions on the dynamics of presidential approval between 1978 and 1997. The analyses are made possible by disaggregating 240 monthly Survey of Consumers datasets gathered over this period. These data show that women's economic evaluations are consistently more pessimistic than men's, regardless of who occupied the Oval Office. Analyses of rival presidential approval models reveal that a national prospective economic evaluation model performs best for women, but a personal prospective model works best for men. Parameter estimates indicate that economic evaluations accounted for substantial proportions of gender differences in presidential approval in the post-Carter era. Men and women also reacted differently to presidential transitions, with approval increasing more among men when Reagan replaced Carter, and more among women when Clinton replaced Bush. The hypothesis that men are more susceptible than women to rally effects induced by domestic and international crises and wars does not receive consistent support.

Attitudinal and Structural Predictors of the Gender Gap in Suicide: An Exploratory Analysis of Nine European Countries, 1975–1987

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fernquist ◽  
Phillips Cutright
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Gap Data ◽  
The Impact

Following Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson (1985), Hagan, Simpson, and Gillis (1987), and Girard (1993), we introduce a measure of egalitarian political attitudes that reflect gender differences in socialization that may affect adult suicidal behavior. Past efforts to explain national differences in the gender gap in suicide rates have not determined how the different determinants of male and female suicide rates cause the gender gap to vary among nations. We present a methodology that allows one to measure, one at a time, the impact of multiple predictors of societal integration on the gender gap. Data from nine European countries are used to illustrate this methodology.

Gender Disparities in Educational Enrollment and Attainment in Sierra Leone

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-161
Author(s):  
Augustine J. Kposowa ◽  
Karin A. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education

Sierra Leone endured social, economic, and political changes that impacted its educational system. Stymied development contributed to a persistent gender gap in schooling. Given changes over the decades, the chapter explores gender differences in educational enrollment and attainment at all levels—primary, secondary, and tertiary—using a 2017 Sierra Leone census cluster sample. The authors found that although educational disparities exist between girls and boys across the districts, there was no statistical difference in schooling between the groups in this sample. This suggests that Sierra Leone closed the educational parity gender gap. With political advancements, the authors situate findings within the context of a modernizing country that aims to reach primary and secondary education for all.

Gender Differences in Context: The Impact of Track Position on Study Involvement in Flemish Secondary Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieke Van Houtte
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Disruptive Behavior ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Academic Tracks ◽  
School Misconduct ◽  
The Impact

This study examines whether the influence of track position on study involvement is gendered and whether gender differences in study involvement according to track position are associated with school misconduct and rather poor future perspectives. Three-level analyses (HLM 6) of data gathered in 2004-2005 from 11,872 third- and fifth-grade students in 146 tracks in a representative sample of 85 secondary schools in Flanders (Belgium) confirmed the impact of tracking on boys’ as well as girls’ study involvement. Boys are, generally, less involved in studying than girls, and boys are more affected by track position than girls are, enlarging the gender gap in the lower tracks. In these tracks, boys are more prone to misconduct and rather poor future perspectives. Finally, girls in arts tracks are, on average, more involved in studying than girls in academic tracks, but because of their higher tendency for disruptive behavior in school, this does not show.

scholarly journals Gender differences in consumption of leisure in Korea: Revisiting the concept of ‘cultural voraciousness’

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Eun Cha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This study explores gender differences in leisure activity, applying the concept of “cultural voraciousness”, using data from the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey. Drawing on 26,972 diaries kept by adults aged 35-64 years, we measured two aspects of leisure activity: 1) the total daily minutes spent on outdoor leisure, and 2) the sequential complexity index capturing cultural voraciousness (the variety and distribution of leisure activity) within a day. Results showed that Korean men consumed more leisure than women in terms of daily minutes spent on leisure and had more complexity in their leisure activities. The gender gap in leisure time and the complexity score remained large even in later life, when leisure time increased overall, compared with earlier life stages. Another important finding is that socioeconomic factors appear crucial in shaping the leisure consumption of men and women, but the impact of those factors on leisure differed according to gender. Men and women's leisure complexity was associated with current household income. Education was as a significant factor associated with women's leisure time and complexity for all age groups of women.

scholarly journals Stroke in women: Is it different?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2514183X2110145
Author(s):  
Sydney Corbière ◽  
Barbara Tettenborn
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Intravenous Thrombolysis ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Acute Therapy ◽  
Replacement Treatment ◽  
Treatment Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Acute Rehabilitation ◽  
The Impact

In the last decades, there has been great progress in the field of stroke. With the introduction of acute therapies (intravenous thrombolysis and intra-arterial treatment), the outcome after stroke has improved significantly. Better prevention, improved acute therapy, and acute rehabilitation improved the morbidity and mortality rate after stroke. Gender differences in risk factors and epidemiology have been known for a long time, but lately attention to gender differences in stroke has increased. The aim of this mini-review is to demonstrate gender disparities in stroke with a focus on epidemiology, specific risk factors (gender-specific and unspecific), and outcomes. The influence of some risk factors for stroke is stronger in women (atrial fibrillation and hypertension) and there are risk factors exclusive to women such as pregnancy, pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders, oral contraceptives, and hormonal replacement treatment. Data on the impact of other risk factors are inconsistent. The worse outcome after a stroke is mainly caused by demographic characteristics in women. Specific gender research is needed to better understand gender disparities in stroke to improve prevention strategies and treatment for women.

Gender Impact on the Enterprise Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Oleksii V. Lyulyov ◽  
Oleksandra I. Karintseva ◽  
Andrii V. Yevdokymov ◽  
Hanna S. Ponomarova ◽  
Oleksandr O. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Enterprise Performance ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the situation of gender equality in Ukraine and in the world during the last 5 years, identifies the leading countries in moving towards gender equality in various fields of life by analyzing the indicators of the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum. These indicators include: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Political Empowerment, which are the part of a single index that determines the position of countries in the overall ranking. Based on the results of this analysis, Ukraine has improved value of gender equality index, although in the overall ranking of countries Ukraine has lost its position and dropped 11 ranks lower than in 2014. This means that, among all the countries surveyed by the World Economic Forum, there are countries that are moving much faster towards gender equality than Ukraine. In addition, the article includes the investigation of the gender representation among the board members of 5 enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2017, which represent the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of changes in the level of performance of these enterprises using the return on assets (ROA) indicator is analyzed, the relationship between the leadership of the enterprises and the value of the ROA indicator is graphically presented. The obtained results do not give a clear answer about the gender impact on the enterprise performance. The reason for this is a number of factors, such as: insufficient statistical sampling of enterprises; the selected performance indicator of enterprise activities does not fully reflect the impact of the gender factor on enterprise activities; the methodology used in the work needs improvements, or it is necessary to choose a totally new approach to the analysis of the investigated issue under study. Gender representation among board members and its impact on enterprise performance should be investigated further. Key words: gender, gender equality, enterprise board members, return on assets.

scholarly journals Bridging the gap: blending spatial skills instruction into a technology teacher preparation programme

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diarmaid Lane ◽  
Sheryl Sorby
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Preparation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Future Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
Spatial Skills ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Technology Teacher ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a surge in research in spatial thinking across the international community. We now know that spatial skills are malleable and that they are linked to success across multiple disciplines, most notably Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). While spatial skills have been examined by cognitive scientists in laboratory environments for decades, current research is examining how these skills can be developed in field-based environments. In this paper, we present findings from a study within a Technology Teacher preparation programme where we examined first-year students’ spatial skills on entry to university. We explain why it was necessary to embed a spatial skills intervention into Year 1 of the programme and we describe the impact that this had on students’ spatial scores and on academic performance. The findings from our study highlight a consistent gender gap in spatial scores at the start of the first-year with female students entering the Technology Teacher preparation programme at a lower base level than male students. We describe how we integrated spatial development activities into an existing course and how an improvement in spatial scores and overall course performance was observed. The paper concludes by discussing the long-term sustainability of integrating spatial interventions within teacher preparation programmes while also highlighting the importance of future research to examine spatial skills as a fundamental component of technological capability.

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