Militarization and Perceptions of Law Enforcement in the Developing World: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in Mexico

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Gustavo Flores-Macías ◽  
Jessica Zarkin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Conjoint Experiment ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Military Uniform

Abstract Although a growing body of research suggests that the constabularization of the military for domestic policing is counterproductive, this increasingly prevalent policy has nonetheless enjoyed widespread support in the developing world. This study advances our understanding of the consequences of militarization for perceptions of law enforcement: whether visual features shape perceptions of effectiveness, respect for civil liberties, proclivity for corruption and acceptance of militarization in one's own neighborhood. Based on a nationally representative, image-based, conjoint experiment conducted in Mexico, the authors find that military weapons and uniforms enhance perceptions of effectiveness and respect for civil liberties, and that the effect of military uniform becomes greater with increased military presence. The study also finds that gender shapes perceptions of civil liberties and corruption, but detects no effect for skin color. The findings suggest that a central feature of militarization linked to greater violence – military weapons – is paradoxically a key factor explaining favorable attitudes, and that women can play a crucial role in improving perceptions of law enforcement.

scholarly journals Pulling us apart? The association between fear of crime and social cohesion in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Roberts ◽  
Steven L. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Perceptions Of Safety ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Adverse Influence

Fear of crime, like crime itself, is thought to be a factor that constrains efforts by government and non-state actors at promoting socially cohesive communities and a caring society. As concern  over South Africa's social fabric have mounted, increasing policy attention has been directed at perceptions of safety and nation-building. In this study, we use nationally representative survey data to examine recent theoretical models on the link between fear of crime and social cohesion within communities. The results do not offer strong support for the hypothesis that higher fear of crime is associated with lower levels of social trust, neighbouthood ties and civic cohesion, although fear does have a moderate, adverse influence on attitudes towards law enforcement.

Are Children With a Number of Disabilities and Long-Term Illnesses at Increased Risk of Mental Violence, Disciplinary Violence, and Serious Violence?

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626051989844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piia Seppälä ◽  
Riitta Vornanen ◽  
Timo Toikko
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Child Victim ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Multiple Morbidity

The focus of this study was on the question of whether or not children with a number of disabilities and long-term illnesses are at increased risk of child maltreatment (mental violence, disciplinary violence, and serious violence). This study was based on the Child Victim Survey of 2013 (FSD2943). The data consist of a nationally representative sample of pupils in Finland in sixth grade (12–13 years of age) and ninth grade (15–16 years of age). The sampling was undertaken as a stratified cluster by province, municipality type, and school size. The total number of respondents was 11,364. According to the logistic regression analyses, the children with at least three disabilities or long-term illnesses had an increased risk of violence compared with children with no disability: The risk of mental violence increased by 2.96 times, the risk of disciplinary violence by 4.30 times, and the risk of serious violence by 3.53 times. The effect of the category of at least three disabilities and illnesses remained statistically significant, although the analysis also accounted for several confounding factors. Thus, a child’s multiple morbidity (in the case of three or more disabilities and illnesses) can be categorized as one of the major risk factors for child maltreatment. The study complements the results of previous studies concerning the effect of children’s disabilities and long-term illnesses and their impact on child maltreatment. The results underline the importance of employees of health and social care having knowledge of multiple morbidity and its importance as a key factor regarding child maltreatment.

The Expanding Use of DNA in Law Enforcement: What Role for Privacy?

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rothstein ◽  
Meghan K. Talbott
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Dna Identification ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Dna Profiles

DNA identification methods are such an established part of our law enforcement and criminal justice systems it is hard to believe that the technologies were developed as recently as the mid-1980s, and that the databases of law enforcement profiles were established in the 1990s. Although the first databases were limited to the DNA profiles of convicted rapists and murderers, the success of these databases in solving violent crimes provided the impetus for Congress and state legislatures to expand the scope of the databases with little critical examination of each expansion's value to law enforcement or cost to privacy and civil liberties.We are now entering a new stage of DNA forensics, in which successive database expansions over the last decade have raised the possibility of creating a population-wide repository. In addition, new applications of DNA profiling, including familial and low stringency searches, have been added to DNA dragnets, the use of medical samples for forensic analysis, and other measures to create a series of crucial, yet largely unexplored, second-generation legal and policy issues.

Education as a factor of increasing legal awareness of young people

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
М.О. Zhumagulov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Young People ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Legal Policy ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Political Decisions

In the article, the author introduces the results of comprehensive research on the role and significance of legal education among young people. Legal education is a key factor in improving the legal consciousness of young people. An important step in legal education is the result of political decisions, fair justice, and the activities of law enforcement agencies. The article presents approaches to legal education among future generations and defines the role of each of them. At the same time, attention is paid to the need to combine measures to support young people and directions of legal policy.

Predict and Surveil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Brayne
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Suspects

The scope of criminal justice surveillance, from policing to incarceration, has expanded rapidly in recent decades. At the same time, the use of big data has spread across a range of fields, including finance, politics, health, and marketing. While law enforcement’s use of big data is hotly contested, very little is known about how the police actually use it in daily operations and with what consequences. This book offers an inside look at how police use big data and new surveillance technologies, leveraging on-the-ground fieldwork with one of the most technologically advanced law enforcement agencies in the world—the Los Angeles Police Department. Drawing on original interviews and ethnographic observations from over two years of fieldwork with the LAPD, the text examines the causes and consequences of big data and algorithmic control. It reveals how the police use predictive analytics and new surveillance technologies to deploy resources, identify criminal suspects, and conduct investigations; how the adoption of big data analytics transforms police organizational practices; and how the police themselves respond to these new data-driven practices. While big data analytics has the potential to reduce bias, increase efficiency, and improve prediction accuracy, the book argues that it also reproduces and deepens existing patterns of inequality, threatens privacy, and challenges civil liberties.

The Criminal Police Officer: Understanding Factors That Predict Police Crime in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110547
Author(s):  
Francis D. Boateng ◽  
Daniel K. Pryce ◽  
Ming-Li Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Police Decision Making ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
And Behavior

Although police decision making and behavior always face intense public scrutiny, officers’ criminal lifestyles have largely been ignored in national debates and discussions. The primary focus of this study was to understand factors that predicted police criminality. To achieve this objective, we analyzed a nationally representative dataset on officers who were arrested from 2005 to 2011 using advanced statistical approaches. Results obtained using multilevel modeling demonstrate the predictive effects of officer and agency characteristics in explaining police criminality. Specifically, findings reveal differences in types of crimes committed by the officers. For example, male officers engage in crimes that are entirely different from those committed by their female counterparts. Likewise, on-duty officers tend to criminally behave differently from their off-duty counterparts. Furthermore, agency-level factors such as type of agency, number of sworn officers, and location of the agency predict police crime. Current findings highlight the importance of policies that would directly address criminality in law enforcement.

scholarly journals Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (37) ◽  
pp. 9181-9186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Mummolo
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Officer Safety ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Local Law ◽  
Swat Team

The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates claim militarized policing protects officers and deters violent crime, while critics allege these tactics are targeted at racial minorities and erode trust in law enforcement. Using a rare geocoded census of SWAT team deployments from Maryland, I show that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, even after controlling for local crime rates. Further, using nationwide panel data on local police militarization, I demonstrate that militarized policing fails to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime. Finally, using survey experiments—one of which includes a large oversample of African American respondents—I show that seeing militarized police in news reports may diminish police reputation in the mass public. In the case of militarized policing, the results suggest that the often-cited trade-off between public safety and civil liberties is a false choice.

Individual and situational influences on injurious assaults against the police

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelle Barrick ◽  
Kevin J. Strom ◽  
Nicholas Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Situational Influences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Violence against the police represents an ongoing and serious problem in the USA. In 2014, over 48,000 law enforcement officers assaulted while on duty. Although over one in four of these resulted in injury, little is known about the conditions under which injury is likely to occur. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the individual and situational factors that predict injurious assaults against law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach Using logistic regression, the current study analyzes data from the 2012 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) on all assaults against the police (n=8,987) in order to understand, within a routine activities theoretical framework, how individual-level characteristics (i.e. officer and offender characteristics) and situational influences (i.e. assignment type, activity type, and location) predict the likelihood that an assault will result in injury. Findings Overall, findings suggest support for a routine activities theory of violence against the police. Initiating an arrest, one-officer vehicle type, and incidents occurring on highways/roads were all more likely to result in injurious assaults against the police. Other predictors of injury include officer and offender demographics as well as the time the incident took place. Research limitations/implications This research was unable to control for some factors that may influence the likelihood of injury such as wearing body armor. Additionally, NIBRS data are not nationally representative, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Originality/value This is one of the first papers to use national data to examine the individual and situational factors that predict injurious assaults against law enforcement.

scholarly journals Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J Whelan ◽  
Kimberly Remski
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Methadone Treatment ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Enforcement Costs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Reduced Risk ◽  
World Perspective

ABSTRACTHeroin dependence is a major health and social problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality that adversely affects social circumstances, productivity, and healthcare and law enforcement costs. In the UK and many other Western countries, both methadone and buprenorphine are recommended by the relevant agencies for detoxification from heroin and for opioid maintenance therapy. However, despite obvious benefits due to its unique pharmacotherapy (eg, greatly reduced risk of overdose), buprenorphine has largely failed to overtake methadone in managing opioid addiction. The experience from the developing world (based on data from India) is similar. In this article we compare the advantages and disadvantages of the use methadone and buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid addiction from both a developed and developing world perspective; and explore some of the reasons why buprenorphine has not fulfilled the expectations predicted by many in the addictions field.

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