Mercury as a Preventive against Stored Grain Pests

Mercury and tin amalgam were tried in mud bins, metallic bins and bamboo bins at different places in the Punjab. Mercury distributed throughout the bin at the rate of 3–4 tolas per maund of wheat proved effective in completely checking the increase of various stored grain pests. Mercury used at the bottom and top 10–12 in. layer of grains in the bin also proved fairly effective. Tin amalgam even with as high a dose as 13½ tolas per maund of wheat did not prove effective. Loss of mercury during use is very slight. Mercury has no deleterious effect on the germination or eating quality of wheat.Mercury kills the fresh eggs of stored grain pests, but the eggs in an advanced stageof development are not adversely affected. It retards the growth but does not kill the larvae of T. granarium and Bruchus sp. It has no effect on the pupae, but affects the egg laying capacity of adults very slightly.

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Evaluation of Some Botanicals against Callosobruchus chinensis L. Infesting Stored Chickpea Seeds and Bio-Chemical Analysis of Used Botanicals

International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management ◽

10.23910/1.2021.2416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 679-686

Author(s):

Tumma Mounika ◽

◽

S. K. Sahoo ◽

D. Chakraborty ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

Callosobruchus Chinensis ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Stored Grain Pests

A study was carried out to evaluate the bio-efficacy of some botanicals against Callosobruchus chinensis L. in stored chickpea (Variety: Anuradha) in the year 2018–20. Different botanicals like Neem (Azadirachta indica), Melia (Melia azedarach), Datura (Datura stramonium) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) were used. Among all the botanicals Neem leaf powder @ 6% performed better with minimum egg laying (64 eggs 5 females-1) compared to the other botanicals except the standard check with Deltamethrin @ 0.04%. Thereafter, 6% Melia leaf powder and 8% Datura leaf powder recorded 87.50 eggs 5 females-1 and 91.25 eggs 5 females-1, respectively. With regard to adult mortality, the best result was also obtained from the treatment Neem leaf powder @6% with 96.67% mortality in 5th day. Following the same trend, 6% Melia leaf powder and 8% Datura leaf powder exhibited 90% and 83.33% adult mortality, respectively, in 5th day. The estimation of total phenols and total antioxidants (IC-50) contents in Neem leaf powder (345.69 mg g-1 and 207.77 μg ml-1), Melia leaf powder (273.40 mg g-1 and 383.68 μg ml-1) and Datura Leaf Powder (213.62 mg g-1 and 405.77 μg ml-1) also confirms the findings of the bio-efficacy trial of the botanicals. Tulsi leaf powder @5% was least efficacious both in terms of egg laying by the females as well as adult mortality. These botanicals are locally available, economic, bio-degradable and safe to the environment. Therefore, they may be fitted in the Integrated Pest Management strategies against stored grain pests as seed protectants.

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PHYSICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF CORN KERNELS DURING STORAGE AS A FUNCTION OF PRE-CLEANING

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/rbms2020v19e1159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

MILENA ANA ZAMBIASI ◽

PAULO RICARDO DE JESUS RIZZOTTO JÚNIOR ◽

RAFAEL GOMES DIONELLO ◽

LAURI LOURENÇO RADUNZ ◽

INDIANARA MULLER

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Total Production ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Bulk Storage ◽

Technological Quality ◽

Combine Harvester ◽

Stored Grain Pests ◽

Corn Kernels

Maize is the most cultivated and consumed cereal in Brazil, which is the world’s third largest producer of this grain. Estimated losses due to pest attack, especially pest insects and fungi, represent approximately 10% of the total production. The pre-cleaning phase allows the reduction of foreign matters and impurities (IM) present in the grains, which are used as food and shelter for stored grain pests. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of pre-cleaning on the physical and technological quality of corn kernels, during bulk storage in a silo-dryer. The grains were harvested with a combine harvester, at a moisture content of around 17% and 0.84% of IM. Part of the grains was submitted to pre-cleaning and subsequently stored in a silo, while the other part was directly stored in a silo-dryer. After pre-cleaning, the grains were sent to the silo-dryer with 0.12% of IM. Drying was carried out by blowing natural air through the grain and the process was completed when the grains reached approximately 12% moisture content. It was concluded that pre-cleaning provided lower hygroscopic equilibrium moisture, reduced the presence of insect damaged grains, and improved the technological classification of grains during storage.

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INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON THE IMMUNE PROTECTION OF CHICKENS

АГРАРНЫЙ ВЕСТНИК ВЕРХНЕВОЛЖЬЯ ◽

10.35523/2307-5872-2019-28-3-74-78 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Digestive System ◽

Great Influence ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Internal Organs ◽

State Growth ◽

Active Peak

Among the animals of different species chickens react in greater numbers and more noticeable to a va-riety of growth biostimulators. There are great improvements on their general state, growth spurts and development of internal organs is quicker when they are injected with small portions. Such stimulation has a great influence not only on growth and development of chickens in their first period of life but also on health and productivity later on. The most active peak of reaction is when chicken is two months old. Their internal organs, especially the digestive system, develop earlier, their genitals appear earlier and they begin egg-laying much earlier too, when chickens are being fed those biostimulants. Slaughter meat yield becomes more and quality of meat improves with the influence of stimulators. A major disease pre-vention and healing effect can be reached, since most of the biostimulants raise immune system and re-sistance of the organism. It can be the only thing to justify their usage on animals. Tests show that the most typical growth spurt of birds is from fifteen to twenty percent in normal conditions. Growth spurts are also accompanied with the rise of resistance to different infections and activation of different physio-logical processes. Growth spurts can be twice or more than written here, but those spurts are usually short-timed and often accompanied with the dysfunction of different organs

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Pathogenicity of Pakistani isolates of Steinernema bifurcatum and S. affine (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in management of stored grain pests Lasioderma serricorne and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Ptinidae, Tenebrionidae)

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control ◽

10.1186/s41938-021-00418-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tabassum Ara Khanum ◽

Salma Javed

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Research Area ◽

Control Agent ◽

Lasioderma Serricorne ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Insect Infestations ◽

Stored Grain Pests

Abstract Background Stored grain products suffer a considerable economic loss due to insect infestations. The resistance of pests to insecticide, and residues on crops are produced by the application of insecticide. Nowadays, incremental necessity has been occurred to find out alternatives to chemicals. As biological control agents, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) attract attention increasingly in the research area recently. Results The aim of the study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Pakistani isolates Steinernema bifurcatum and S. affine against the stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne, under laboratory conditions. Suspensions of nematodes were applied at 4 different concentrations 0, 50, 100, and 200 IJs/ml and 3 variable temperatures 15, 30, and 45°C. Pathogenicity rate was recorded after 48 h of application. The larval stage is found more susceptible than the adult. At 200 IJs, S. bifurcatum showed high mortality of L. serricorne larva (92%) and T. castaneum larva (93%), whereas S. affine showed 90 and 95% mortality of L. serricorne and T. castaneum larva, respectively, at 200 IJs. The results revealed that both species of EPN were able to control and reproduce on L. serricorne and T. castaneum. Maximum mortality was recorded at 45 °C from S. bifurcatum whereas S. affine at 15 °C. Conclusions Therefore, S. bifurcatum and S. affine could be suggested as a biological control agent for hot and cold climatic zones, respectively.

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Genome-Wide Identification and Genetic Variations of the Starch Synthase Gene Family in Rice

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1154

Author(s):

Hongjia Zhang ◽

Seong-Gyu Jang ◽

San Mar Lar ◽

Ah-Rim Lee ◽

Fang-Yuan Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Family ◽

Catalytic Domain ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Starch Synthase ◽

Eating Quality ◽

Segmental Duplications ◽

Genome Wide ◽

The Relationship

Starch is a major ingredient in rice, and the amylose content of starch significantly impacts rice quality. OsSS (starch synthase) is a gene family related to the synthesis of amylose and amylopectin, and 10 members have been reported. In the present study, a synteny analysis of a novel family member belonging to the OsSSIV subfamily that contained a starch synthase catalytic domain showed that three segmental duplications and multiple duplications were identified in rice and other species. Expression data showed that the OsSS gene family is involved in diverse expression patterns. The prediction of miRNA targets suggested that OsSS are possibly widely regulated by miRNA functions, with miR156s targeted to OsSSII-3, especially. Haplotype analysis exhibited the relationship between amylose content and diverse genotypes. These results give new insight and a theoretical basis for the improved amylose content and eating quality of rice.

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Neural Modeling of the Distribution of Protein, Water and Gluten in Wheat Grains during Storage

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12125050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 5050

Author(s):

Katarzyna Szwedziak ◽

Ewa Polańczyk ◽

Żaneta Grzywacz ◽

Gniewko Niedbała ◽

Wiktoria Wojtkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Total Protein ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Neural Modeling ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Stored Wheat

An important requirement in the grain industry is to obtain fast information on the quality of purchased and stored grain. Therefore, it is of great importance to search for innovative solutions aimed at the monitoring and fast assessment of quality parameters of stored wheat The results of the evaluation of total protein, water and gluten content by means of near infrared spectrometry are presented in the paper. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and neural modeling were used to analyze the obtained results. The results obtained show no significant changes in total protein (13.13 ± 0.15), water (10.63 ± 0.16) or gluten (30.56 ± 0.54) content during storage. On the basis of the collected data, a model artificial neural network (ANN) MLP 52-6-3 was created, which, with the use of four independent features, allows us to determine changes in the content of water, protein and gluten in stored wheat. The chosen network returned good error values: learning, below 0.001; testing, 0.015; and validation, 0.008. The obtained results and their interpretation are an important element in the warehouse industry. The information obtained in this way about the state of the quality of stored grain will allow for a fast reaction in case of the threat of lowering the quality parameters of the stored grain.

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Evaluation of period of fasting and mixing of steers prior to slaughter on meat eating quality

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s175275620002977x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 138-138

Author(s):

F O Lively ◽

B W Moss ◽

T W J Keady ◽

L Farmer ◽

N F S Gault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shear Force ◽

Eating Quality ◽

Longissimus Dorsi ◽

Glycogen Depletion ◽

Meat Eating ◽

Quadratic Relationship

Mixing of cattle prior to slaughter which results in aggressive activity (Mohan Raj et al 1992) leads to glycogen depletion pre-slaughter and subsequently meat with a higher ultimate pH (pHu). Purchas et al (1990) reported a quadratic relationship between pHu and tenderness with highest shear force values recorded between pHu 5.8 to 6.2. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fasting and mixing of steers prior to slaughter on the meat eating quality of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle.

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