Interaction between Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae): the possible consequences of an invasion

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Wells ◽  
Bernard Greenberg

AbstractFour Old World blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), C. putoria Wiedemann, C. megacephala (Fabricius), and C. rufifacies (Macquart), have recently invaded the New World. The interaction of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) with native carrion flies in Texas, USA, was investigated by reducing oviposition by the invader on rabbit carcasses outdoors. These carcasses produced significantly more Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) adults compared to carcasses on which the invader was not reduced. The results suggest that C. macellaria populations will decline where the two species co-occur. They also support the hypothesis that the carrion community is saturated with species, and provide a mechanism for the possible elimination of Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus) in Madeira and the reduction of C. macellaria in South America by Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann).

Author(s):  
Yuri Berezkin

Фольклорные мотивы «внешней души» (персонаж умирает, когда уничтожены какой-то предмет или существо) и «ахиллесовой пяты» (уязвимое место персонажа находится на его теле, а не во внутренних органах) используются для объяснения смертности/бессмертия персонажа. Как и 2700 других, мировое распределение которых отражено в нашей электронной базе данных, эти мотивы являются не порождением универсального «первобытного сознания», а продуктом конкретных исторических процессов и обстоятельств. Цель статьи – определить эпоху и регион их первоначального распространения. Для этого сопоставлены материалы по Новому и Старому Свету. В Центральной и Южной Африке, в Австралии и Меланезии данные мотивы редки или вовсе отсутствуют, поэтому их появление уже в эпоху выхода-из-Африки невероятно. «Ахиллесова пята» обычна в текстах северо- и южноамериканских индейцев, включая огнеземельцев, тогда как ее евразийский ареал сильно разрежен. «Внешняя душа» популярна в пределах большей части Евразии, но в Америке встречается только к северу от Рио-Гранде. В последние тысячелетия на территории Старого Света мотив «ахиллесовой пяты» был, по-видимому, в основном вытеснен мотивом «внешней души», а в Америке сохранился благодаря ее изоляции от Евразии. Оба мотива были принесены в Новый Свет на ранних этапах его заселения. Их почти полное отсутствие в северо-восточной Азии и на северо-западе Северной Америки исключает позднюю диффузию через Берингов пролив. Соответственно возраст данных мотивов в Евразии должен превышать 15 тыс. лет, причем «ахиллесова пята», вероятно, древнее. Отсутствие или редкость этих мотивов в фольклоре народов северо-востока Сибири, где они должны были быть известны накануне их переноса в Новый Свет, согласуется с данными о значительных изменениях в генофонде населения Сибири в течение голоцена. Усложненный вариант «внешней души» с последовательным вложением животных и предметов, являющихся ее вместилищами, в Америке отсутствует. Он распространился лишь после античной эпохи в контексте волшебной сказки.The “external soul” (person dies when some object or creature is destroyed) and the “Achilles heel” (The only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s body and not in his inner organs) are folklore motifs used to explain why a particular person cannot be killed or how he can be killed. As other 2700 motifs which global distribution is demonstrated in our database, the “external soul” and the “Achilles heel” are a product not of the universal “primitive mind” but of particular historical processes and circumstances and we try to reveal the age and region of their initial spread. In Central and South Africa, Australia and Melanesia both motifs are rare or totally absent. This makes improbable their origin in the Out-of-Africa time. The “Achilles heel” is often found in North and South America but its Eurasian area is sporadic. On the contrary, the “external soul” is very popular across most of Eurasia but in the New World it, is found only in North but not in South America. It looks plausible that in the Old World the motif of “Achilles heel” was mostly ousted by the “external soul” being preserved in the New World thanks to its isolation from Eurasia. The lack or rarity of these motifs in the Northeast Asia and in Alaska and American Arctic excludes, possibility of their late diffusion across Bering Strait. Because both motifs were brought to America by the early migrants, their age in Eurasia must exceed 15,000 years, the “Achilles heel” being probably older. At the time of the peopling of America, both motifs had to be well known to the oral traditions of the Northeast Asia. Their rarity or absence there in historic time is in conformity with significant differences between genetic samples of Early and Late Holocene populations of Siberia. The complicated version of the “external soul” according to which a life essence is hidden in a series of objects and beings, one inside the other, is absent in America. Such a variant probably spread across the Old World after the end of antiquity being used in fairytales.


1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Nader

We are now, in 1992, searching to find the meaning of an event 500 years distant in time. For us as Americans the importance of the Columbian voyages is obvious. In the past ten years the great wealth of research, publication, and debate on ancient American cultures has made the impact on the Americas abundantly clear.For Europe the impact is much less clear. We say that the old world ended almost immediately, that a new world came into being when Europe ended its isolation from America. By this we mean that European perceptions of world geography began to change as early as 1498 —not just dotting the map of the Ocean Sea with more islands, but perceiving that South America was a continent whose existence was never imagined by the ancients. We also mean that the natural world began changing from the old world of two separate ecologies into a new world-wide environment.


1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Bushnell

AbstractA review of problems in American archaeology is organized around the Lithic, Archaic, Formative, Classic, and Postclassic stages of Willey and Phillips. Among the problems raised and discussed are: the inadequacy of the Early Lithic or generalized gathering tool stage, the need for a better definition of the Archaic concept, the difficulty in extending the Archaic stage into South America, the dating and interpretation of the Peruvian Preceramic period, the origin of New World cotton, the possibility of trans-Pacific contacts and the feasibility of ocean travel, the Mesoamerican origin of the Formative stage, the dating of Valdivia culture and the Formative in general in South America, the relationship between Chavin and the comparable cultures in south coastal Peru, the inappropriateness of identifying most of the Mesoamerican centers as cities, the Aztec state as an empire, and the Classic stage as essentially urban, and the possibility of yet finding a Siberian origin for the pressure-flaked bifacial projectile points of the paleo-Indians.


2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe A. MacGown ◽  
James K. Wetterer ◽  
JoVonn G. Hill

Strumigenys silvestriiis a tiny dacetine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini), apparently from South America, that has spread to the southern US and the West Indies.Strumigenys silvestriihas recently been found for the first time in the Old World, from the island of Madeira, mainland Portugal, and Macau. Here, we document new distributional records and the geographic spread ofS. silvestrii. We compiled and mapped 67 site records ofS. silvestrii. We documented the earliest knownS. silvestriirecords for 20 geographic areas (countries, major islands, and US states), including four areas for which we found no previously published records: Georgia (US), Grenada, Nevis, and St. Vincent.Strumigenys silvestriiis the only New World dacetine ant that has been recorded in the Old World. The distribution of its closest relatives and of knownS. silvestriispecimen records supports the hypothesis thatS. silvestriiis native to South America. Throughout its New World range (South America, the West Indies, and the southern US), manyS. silvestriirecords are from undisturbed forest habitats (usually indicative of a native species), but are very recent (usually indicative of a newly arrived exotic species).


Intropica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Santodomingo-M ◽  
Adriana Santodomingo-Santodomingo ◽  
César Valverde-C

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the species composition of the family Calliphoridae from samples collected in four different cities in the Colombian Caribbean coast. Van Someren-Rydon traps were used baited with human faeces, rotten fish and fermented fruit were used. Six traps were placed in each city (two traps per type of bait), for a total of 24 traps. They were left for 72 hours in each site and samples were collected every 12 hours (day and night). 5654 individuals were identified, belonging to the subfamilies Chrysomyinae and Luciliinae. The identified species were Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata and Chloroprocta idioidea, expanding the range of distribution for the last two species. The best bait was the rotten fish and the best time to collect these species was during daylight.


1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Super

Quito was an international trading city in the late sixteenth century. It was one of several commercial centers strung along the Andes that aided in the adaptation of Old World economic techniques to New World resources. By the 1580s, agricultural and manufacturing surpluses had helped Quito emerge as a dominant trading center in western South America, second only to Lima and Potosí.


2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Nelder ◽  
John W. McCreadie ◽  
Clinton S. Major

Succession patterns of adult blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on decaying alligators were investigated in Mobile (Ala, USA) during August 2002. The most abundant blow fly species visiting the carcasses wereChrysomya rufifacies(Macquart),Cochliomyia macellaria(Fabricus),Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricus),Phormia regina(Meigen), andLucilia coeruleiviridis(Macquart).Lucilia coeruleiviridiswas collected more often during the early stages of decomposition, followed byChrysomyaspp.,Cochliomyia macellaria, andPhormia reginain the later stages.Lucilia coeruleiviridiswas the only synchronous blow fly on the three carcasses; other blow fly species exhibited only site-specific synchrony. Using dichotomous correlations and analyses of variance, we demonstrated that blow fly-community succession was asynchronous among three alligators; however, Monte Carlo simulations indicate that there was some degree of synchrony between the carcasses.


2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
José Luís Jobim

Abstract Ferdinand Denis, Almeida Garrett, and Alexandre Herculano were European authors who, during the nineteenth century, formulated a meaning for local color below the equator, and contributed to a comparativism that geopolitically originated from the Old World, which created comparisons based on the representation of the New World chiefly derived from the supposed characteristics of its “nature.” This article will identify traces of the demand made by Ferdinand Denis (1798–1890) that the intellectual production of the Americas must reflect the effect of the nature that inspires us, and formulate local ideas derived from this nature, although from the nineteenth century onwards this opinion was challenged. It will also highlight the importance, for South America, at this moment in history when authoritarianism is rearing its head again, of using comparative approaches to study narratives that represent the period of military dictatorships in South America, as well as to critically analyze the issue of languages in postcolonial contexts in Latin America.


2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-179
Author(s):  
John Cyril Barton

This essay is the first to examine Melville’s “The Town-Ho’s Story” (Chapter 54 of Moby-Dick [1851]) in relation to W. B. Stevenson’s then-popular-but-now-forgotten British travel narrative, Twenty Years’ Residence in South America (1825). Drawing from suggestive circumstances and parallel action unfolding in each, I make a case for the English sailor’s encounter with the Spanish Inquisition in Lima as important source material for the Limanian setting that frames Melville’s tale. In bringing to light a new source for Moby-Dick, I argue that Melville refracts Stevenson’s actual encounter with the Inquisition in Lima to produce a symbolic, mock confrontation with Old-World authority represented in the inquisitorial Dons and the overall context of the story. Thus, the purpose of the essay is twofold: first, to recover an elusive source for understanding the allusive framework of “The Town-Ho’s Story,” a setting that has perplexed some of Melville’s best critics; and second, to illuminate Melville’s use of Lima and the Inquisition as tropes crucial for understanding a larger symbolic confrontation between the modern citizen (or subject) and despotic authority that plays out not only in Moby-Dick but also in other works such as Mardi (1849), White-Jacket (1850), “Benito Cereno” (1855), Clarel (1876), and The Confidence-Man (1857), wherein the last of which the author wrote on the frontispiece of a personal copy, “Dedicated to Victims of Auto da Fe.”


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